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Purpose This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of travel motivation on the relationship between perceived risks, travel constraints and visit intention of young women travelers. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative study was performed, and data were collected from 416 female university students using convenience sampling. Structural equation modeling with partial least square approach was used to test the research hypotheses. Findings The findings revealed that travel motivation has a moderating effect by weakening the negative relationships between physical risk, structural constraints and visit intention. Practical implications The findings of this study provide useful insights for destination managers about the influence of travel motivation on the behavioral intention of young women travelers in the case of higher perceptions of travel risks and constraints. Originality/value Literature has discussed the intervening role of travel motivations in different contexts. However, studies are scarce in examining the effect of travel motivation in weakening the negative influence of high perceptions of risks and constraints on intention to visit.

Several studies explain the direct effect of travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints on visit intention. However, there are relatively limited investigations on the combined effect of these factors on visit intention. This study empirically tests a comprehensive model of visit intention based on travel motivation, perceived risks, and travel constraints. A quantitative study was performed on 316 university students in Malaysia. The results of the study found that travel motivation had a positive influence on visit intention. For perceived travel risks, performance risk and time risk had negative effects on visit intention. Physical risk, financial risk, and socio-psychological risk did not affect visit intention. Among travel constraints, interpersonal and intrapersonal constraints were negatively related to visit intention. The study also found that the effect size (f2) of statistically significant relationship was low in a few cases. The findings provide useful insight to destination managers in terms of integrating the influential factors in promotional strategies to develop intentions to visit India among potential market segment. The study also suggested future researchers to test the research framework at different levels of decision-making and contexts to prove its usability.

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Purpose Although studies have examined the role of physical factors such as physical environment, price/fee and personal safety in the satisfaction of international students, the effect of social factors such as emotional support, ethical conduct and student–lecturer attachment in international student’s satisfaction has yet to be explored. This study aims to investigate the effect of physical and social factors associated with the satisfaction of international university exchange students that leads to revisit intention. Design/methodology/approach A self-administered questionnaire survey was used to collect data from 166 international exchange students from a large public university in Malaysia using convenience sampling. The structural equation modelling through partial least square approach was used to test the proposed hypotheses. Findings The findings revealed that the physical environment, price/fee, personal safety and student–lecturer attachment had a positive relationship with student satisfaction. Also, student’s satisfaction significantly influenced their revisit intention to the university. Practical implications The findings of the study provide insight into the administration of higher education institutions about the factors that lead to the satisfaction of international exchange students. Marketing managers can also use the findings to develop strategies to attract more foreign students. Originality/value Previous studies discussed the physical factors that influence the satisfaction of international students. However, this study included the social factors which have not been tested in the context of international student satisfaction. The study provides a comprehensive framework that can be used to develop satisfaction among international exchange students.

Travel motivations, perceived risks and travel constraints, along with the attributes and characteristics of medical tourism destinations, are important issues in medical tourism. Although the importance of these factors is already known, a comprehensive theoretical model of the decision-making process of medical tourists has yet to be established, analysing the intricate relationships between the different variables involved. This article examines a large body of literature on both medical and conventional tourism in order to propose a comprehensive theoretical framework of medical tourism decision-making. Many facets of this complex phenomenon require further empirical investigation.

Technology integration has a great impact on learners’ learning styles and everyday life, where various encouraging responses come across in language learning institutions through the use of mobile technology. WhatsApp application instantly transfers information in different modes. At the present time it can be effectively used as a platform to engage learners with conventional classroom setting. The present study is an attempt to investigate learners’ attitudes towards WhatsApp application and their intention for future use. 32 EFL learners were exposed to learn vocabulary by the use of WhatsApp application for a period of 6 weeks. Data were collected by using questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The result exhibited higher levels (M= 4.4 and Mode 4.37) of the mean scores of the learners’ perception and (M= 4.3) on WhatsApp Usage attitudes.   The finding of the study indicated that learners expressed positive attitudes in using WhatsApp applications for vocabulary development. The present study also suggests that the integration of WhatsApp should be fortified to learners, instructors and institutions in developing other language learning process.

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