Livestock manure is reported to be one source of methane (CH4) emission. The objective of this study was to measure methane production from several types of livestock manure. The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD), with 6 kinds of livestock manure (cow, buffalo, goat, rabbit, chicken, and duck). Each treatment was repeated three times during 8 weeks. The research method used to measure methane production was a closed chamber method, with intervals of 5 minutes. Methane samples were analyzed using gas chromatography. The results of the study showed that during eight weeks of observation, the kinds of livestock manure significantly (p <0.05) affected methane production at weeks 3, 6, 7, and 8. In those weeks, duck manure produced the highest methane production compared to other manure. Total methane gas production during 8 weeks observation which produced by duck manure was 97.99 mg g−1. Meanwhile, the lowest methane produced by rabbit manure (2.70 mg g−1). The study concluded that duck manure produced the highest methane, conversely, rabbit manure produced the lowest methane. The characteristics of fresh manure determine the level of methane production from manure. Making biogas is the best effort in mitigating methane from manure.

A study was conducted to investigate the correlation between coat color scoring and the body weight of local sheep in Indonesia. A total of 469 sheep belong to Tawakkal Farm were used for the study and kept for 70-90 days with diet consisting of natural grasses, tofu by-product and concentrate mixture. The data comprised of coat color scoring, sex, age, origin and type of sheep as well as body condition score and were analysed using a General Linear Model with body weight as the dependent variable. Sex, age and body condition score showed a significant (P<0.01) influence to sheep body weight. However, the origin and the type of sheep as well as coat color scoring were unable to show the strong correlation to the body weight, with mean body weight was 27.1 kg. Dominant white color contributed 85.1% of the total sheep used in the study, whereas dominant brown and black color sheep was 2.9% and 11.9 %, respectively. Which means that dominant white color of sheep could be best adapted to the local environment and preferred by the farmers.

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Sheep farming in Indonesia has a major challenge of low productivity. The demand of domestic market for sheep is increasing over time. This study aimed to assess the production management systems to improve the livelihood of sheep farming. The method was descriptive with case study in Bangun Karso Farm, Bogor, Indonesia. Data related to farm management were collected in the farm. The description on sheep production was conducted on sustainable farming practices, breeding program and feeding system. The farm keeps fat-tailed sheep (FTS), thin-tailed sheep (TTS), and crossbreed of FTS and TTS with temperate breed. The purposes of sheep farming were fattening and breeding. It has total 374 sheep from various breeds and ages. The sheep that use for breeding were 167 sheep. The result showed that with the current sheep production management system, it is possible to maintain genetic diversity. The study suggests that planned and controlled cross-breeding are important to prevent the dilution of sheep genetic resources.

Sheep are mainly raised to produce meat in Indonesia. Wool from local sheep have not been utilized and become a waste when the farmers shear the wool for sanitation purposes. On the other hand, Indonesia has sheep breed that potential as wool producer. Wonosobo Sheep, crossing of local breed and Texel, produce more wool compare to other local breeds. Studies on wool production and management in small enterprise are limited. This study aimed to analyze the internal and external environments of a small enterprise in wool production, through the identification and analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The method of this study was descriptive with field observation in a small enterprise in Wonosobo, Central Java. The SWOT analysis was performed to analyzed certain factors for the development of a wool processing business. Data related to wool production and management were collected in the location. Questions were asked regarding wool collecting, processing and production. The result showed that the wool production and management were able to utilize the wasted wool from sheep farmers. The enterprise also managed to produce, promote, and sell the final product of wool, such as handicraft and fashion. However, the enterprise has not been able to determine the purchase price of wool suitable for farmers and the price of the products. This study suggests an improvement in wool supply and advancement in wool processing.

Indonesia is a tropical country with a hot climate. In tropical nations such as Indonesia, heat stress is a key reason for the reduced productivity of dairy cattle. Heat stress is a combination of internal and external stimuli that affects an animal, raises its body temperature, and causes it to react physiologically. Most Indonesian dairy cattle are Friesian Holstein (FH), imported from European nations with a temperate environment with low temperatures in the range of 5°C–25°C. Indonesia has a tropical climate with a high ambient temperature that can reach 34°C during the day and the local relative humidity varies between 70% and 90%. Temperature and humidity are two microenvironment factors that may impact the production and heat release in FH cattle. More than 98% of the entire dairy cattle population in Indonesia is found on Java Island. On Java Island, there are between 534.22 and 543.55 thousand heads of cattle, while the dairy cattle population outside Java Island is just 6.59 thousand heads of cattle. The milk output climbs by an average of 3.34% per year, or approximately 909.64 thousand tons and the average annual growth in whole milk consumption was 0.19 L/capita. Indonesian cow milk output has been unable to keep pace with the country’s increasing demand. This study aimed to review the strategies to mitigate heat stress in FH dairy cattle in Indonesia. Keywords: dairy cattle, heat stress, Indonesia, tropical country.

Cattle is one of the commodities that have a national priority to achieve self-sufficiency in animal protein food for the Indonesian people. Beside beef sufficiency, demand on good quality meat in Indonesia is also increasing. Good quality carcass with lower fat content can give higher economic value. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of molecular markers to improve the quality of beef cattle carcass. Heritability value in carcass characteristic is low to moderate value, but it can be increased by selection using certain molecular markers. Several genes have been identified and correlated with carcass quality in several breed of cattle. Study in Bali cattle showed that the Calpain (CAPN1) and Calpastatin (CASTN) genes could be used as molecular markers to select Bali cattle with higher quality carcass because these genes were associated with carcass quality traits. In conclusion that Calpain (CAPN1) and Calpastatin (CASTN) genes can be used for local beef cattle selection toward better carcass quality and have opportunity to be utilized to improve carcass quality of other beef cattle breeds in Indonesia.

Cattle farming plays a significant role in most economic and social societies in Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. In this area, the majority of cattle are grazed extensively in open grassland. The study aimed to evaluate the role of communal pasture range as a source of cattle feed. The method was descriptive with field verification, took place in Lar Badi, Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, which was one out of 59 pastures in Sumbawa. Data related to pasture conditions, beneficiary farmers, and institutional management were collected from different sources. Lar Badi has a total area 460 of ha, where Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health has a program to improve 100 ha of it with pasture grasses and legumes, such as Lamtoro tarramba and Brachiaria decumbens. The number of beneficiary farmers is 177 farmers from 10 farmer groups. The total number of cattle owned by the farmers is 2,941 heads. The combination of L. tarramba and B.decumbens has total production of 3,100 DM t 100 ha−1 yr−1, while the requirement of 2,941 heads or 1,736.99 animal unit (AU) of cattle was 5,205.15 DM t yr−1. The cattle need the addition of 2,105 DM t yr−1. The capacity of Lar Badi is 0,6 AU ha−1 yr−1. The study suggests increasing forage production capacity to sustain cattle feeding in Sumbawa.