Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is an extremely rare lesion occurring in the jawbones. The present paper is a review of 181 cases of GOCs reported in English literature, since it was first reported by Padayache and Van Wyk in 1987. Mandible was involved in 130 cases and maxilla in 51 cases. Anterior mandible was the most common area of involvement. Radiographic appearance was that of a unilocular radiolucency in 98 of 176 reported cases. Rest presented as multilocular radiolucency. Cortical expansion was observed in 136 of the 180 reported cases while cortex breach or perforation was seen in 81 cases. The treatment of choice was that of minor procedures that included enucleation with or without curettage, peripheral ostectomy, cryotherapy, etc. in 157 of the total 177 reported cases. Marginal jaw resection, segmental mandibulectomy etc. was reported in 20 cases. Although minor surgical procedures were the treatment of choice in most studies, two major studies of Kaplan et al. and Fowler et al. involving 111 and 46 cases, recorded a recurrence rate of 35.9 and 19.6%, respectively. The age range was between 11 and 82 years. The respective mean age of patients in the above mentioned studies was 45.7 for Kaplan's and 51 years for Fowler's whereas in our study, the mean age was 45.9 years. Very rarely does GOC presents itself in a paediatric patient. The paper also reports a case of an 11-year-old child whose histopathogy came out to be a case of a GOC.

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The gains of a country from participating in global value chains (GVCs) will depend on the productive activities taking place in its jurisdiction and their linkages to the domestic economy. Lead firms' decision on where to locate and how to coordinate production activities is influenced, among others, by industrial policies. On the one side, policy space provides governments with some leverage in guiding economic activities and influencing development outcomes. On the other hand, policy risks have the potential to adversely affect the outcomes. This study focuses on industrial policies in Indonesia, using the mineral sector as a mini case study. The case study assesses the Indonesian Government's recent effort to boost domestic value addition in the sector. This paper argues that the effectiveness of government policies in maximizing the gains from GVC participation depends not only on policy design, but also on policy consistency and coherence, effective implementation, and coordination. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not in any way be attributed to the institutions with which they are associated. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Note: In this publication, "$" refers to US dollars.The ADB Economics Working Paper Series is a forum for stimulating discussion and eliciting feedback on ongoing and recently completed research and policy studies undertaken by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) staff, consultants, or resource persons. The series deals with key economic and development problems, particularly those facing the Asia and Pacific region; as well as conceptual, analytical, or methodological issues relating to project/program economic analysis, and statistical data and measurement. The series aims to enhance the knowledge on Asia's development and policy challenges; strengthen analytical rigor and quality of ADB's country partnership strategies, and its subregional and country operations; and improve the quality and availability of statistical data and development indicators for monitoring development effectiveness.

Bifid condyle is a rare anatomic variation of mandibular condyle. It can be symptomatic or diagnosed incidentally on routine radiographic examination. No definite etiologic factor has been identified. It is suggested that bifid condyle could be a developmental anomaly or secondary to trauma. We are reporting two cases of bifid mandibular condyle. Both were diagnosed using computed tomography scan, which additionally revealed the associated pathosis in the angle of the mandible in first patient and the ankylosis of temporomandibular joint in the second patient.

pandemic is a newness to various aspect of life, including business sector. In this high uncertainty, business still need to deliver effective crisis management in order to safeguard organization reputation. Literature state that there are three important elements in crisis management which are leader, team of crisis management, and organizational communication. What type of leader and communication are the most suitable during crises? This study aims to confirm the influence of the transformational leadership style, communication quality, and team crisis to organization reputation mediated by the effectiveness of crisis management. During crisis innovation also influences the survival of organization during crises. A new type of innovation, frugal innovation type, still has limited empirical evidence. This study also aims to see how the implementation of the frugal ABOUT THE AUTHOR Diena Dwidienawati is a faculty member in Bina Nusantara University. She completed Doctorate degree from DRM Bina Nusantara University. Interest in research and areas of expertise are in digital business, leadership and strategic management. David Tjahjana obtained his Doctorate degree from DRM Bina Nusantara University. He is a faculty member in Universitas Multimedia Nusantara. His research of interest is in innovation, leadership and strategic management. Dyah Gandasari completed doctorate degree from Doctoral Program in IPB. She is a faculty member in Polbangtan Bogor. Her research of interest includes communication, information and communication technology, organizational behaviour. M. Faisal is pursuing a Doctorate degree at IPB Business School. His research is mostly in human capital theme such as leadership, employee retention and organization effectiveness. Sri Bramantoro Abdinagoro is the faculty member in DRM Bina Nusantara University. He completed his Doctoral degree at Post-Graduate Program Faculty of Economics University of Indonesia. His interest in research and areas of expertise are in marketing management, consumer behaviour and strategic management.

206 patients age 70 years or older who underwent uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) using the Corail stem were studied. Radiographs taken post operatively and at one year were measured for subsidence of the stem. 13 patients had subsidence of the femoral stem of more than 2 mm. 5 of these were associated with fractures (mean age 78.06 years--average subsidence 14.52 mm), while 8 did not have associated fractures (mean age 77.43 years--average subsidence 4.99 mm). These 13 patients were then followed up for an average of 25 months (with fractures) and 26.88 months (without fractures). Radiographs were taken and measured for further subsidence using a VIDAR scanner. There was no evidence of further subsidence in any of the 13 patients, and all the stems had stabilised at one year with good evidence of osteointegration. None of the patients required revision. Uncemented THA using the Corail stem can be employed in this age group and poor bone quality is not a contraindication.

A fully hydroxyapatite (HA) coated collared stem, when used in elderly age group for elective THR, has only 2% risk of intraoperative periprosthetic fracture. There's a 4% risk of radiologically significant subsidence (i.e. ≥2 mm), however, it has not proven to be clinically significant in our study. Dorr canal type had no bearing on either risk of periprosthetic fracture or subsidence. Collared stems did not have a statistically significant difference in risk of subsidence and peri-prosthetic fracture in comparison to un-collared stem, although there was a non-significant trend in favour of collar use.

Background: Successful management of patients reporting with extreme sensitivity in second molar after surgical extraction of deeply impacted mandibular third molar poses a big challenge to oral surgeons and periodontists worldwide. A variety of grafts, barrier membranes, and guided tissue regeneration techniques have been used postsurgically for soft- and hard-tissue formation. In the current study, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet aggregate, was assessed for its effectiveness in promoting hard- and soft-tissue healing. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of PRF in hard- and soft-tissue healing after extraction of mandibular third molar. Materials and Methods: Bilateral surgical disimpaction of mandibular third molar was done on 25 patients. In every patient, randomly allocated test side received PRF and the other side acted as control. Pain, edema, tenderness, sensitivity, Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI), Plaque Index, clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth, and bone height were measured at different intervals for a maximum period of 6 months. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in patients' signs and symptoms of pain, tenderness, edema, and sensitivity with the use of PRF. A statistically significant improvement was seen in SBI, Plaque Index, and probing depths, while CALs and bone height were not influenced by PRF use. Conclusion: PRF is a very viable and useful biomaterial for soft-tissue healing and relieving patient symptoms, however, it does not help in hard-tissue healing with respect to cortical bone.