Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is an extremely rare lesion occurring in the jawbones. The present paper is a review of 181 cases of GOCs reported in English literature, since it was first reported by Padayache and Van Wyk in 1987. Mandible was involved in 130 cases and maxilla in 51 cases. Anterior mandible was the most common area of involvement. Radiographic appearance was that of a unilocular radiolucency in 98 of 176 reported cases. Rest presented as multilocular radiolucency. Cortical expansion was observed in 136 of the 180 reported cases while cortex breach or perforation was seen in 81 cases. The treatment of choice was that of minor procedures that included enucleation with or without curettage, peripheral ostectomy, cryotherapy, etc. in 157 of the total 177 reported cases. Marginal jaw resection, segmental mandibulectomy etc. was reported in 20 cases. Although minor surgical procedures were the treatment of choice in most studies, two major studies of Kaplan et al. and Fowler et al. involving 111 and 46 cases, recorded a recurrence rate of 35.9 and 19.6%, respectively. The age range was between 11 and 82 years. The respective mean age of patients in the above mentioned studies was 45.7 for Kaplan's and 51 years for Fowler's whereas in our study, the mean age was 45.9 years. Very rarely does GOC presents itself in a paediatric patient. The paper also reports a case of an 11-year-old child whose histopathogy came out to be a case of a GOC.
The gains of a country from participating in global value chains (GVCs) will depend on the productive activities taking place in its jurisdiction and their linkages to the domestic economy. Lead firms' decision on where to locate and how to coordinate production activities is influenced, among others, by industrial policies. On the one side, policy space provides governments with some leverage in guiding economic activities and influencing development outcomes. On the other hand, policy risks have the potential to adversely affect the outcomes. This study focuses on industrial policies in Indonesia, using the mineral sector as a mini case study. The case study assesses the Indonesian Government's recent effort to boost domestic value addition in the sector. This paper argues that the effectiveness of government policies in maximizing the gains from GVC participation depends not only on policy design, but also on policy consistency and coherence, effective implementation, and coordination. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not in any way be attributed to the institutions with which they are associated. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Note: In this publication, "$" refers to US dollars.The ADB Economics Working Paper Series is a forum for stimulating discussion and eliciting feedback on ongoing and recently completed research and policy studies undertaken by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) staff, consultants, or resource persons. The series deals with key economic and development problems, particularly those facing the Asia and Pacific region; as well as conceptual, analytical, or methodological issues relating to project/program economic analysis, and statistical data and measurement. The series aims to enhance the knowledge on Asia's development and policy challenges; strengthen analytical rigor and quality of ADB's country partnership strategies, and its subregional and country operations; and improve the quality and availability of statistical data and development indicators for monitoring development effectiveness.
Bifid condyle is a rare anatomic variation of mandibular condyle. It can be symptomatic or diagnosed incidentally on routine radiographic examination. No definite etiologic factor has been identified. It is suggested that bifid condyle could be a developmental anomaly or secondary to trauma. We are reporting two cases of bifid mandibular condyle. Both were diagnosed using computed tomography scan, which additionally revealed the associated pathosis in the angle of the mandible in first patient and the ankylosis of temporomandibular joint in the second patient.
pandemic is a newness to various aspect of life, including business sector. In this high uncertainty, business still need to deliver effective crisis management in order to safeguard organization reputation. Literature state that there are three important elements in crisis management which are leader, team of crisis management, and organizational communication. What type of leader and communication are the most suitable during crises? This study aims to confirm the influence of the transformational leadership style, communication quality, and team crisis to organization reputation mediated by the effectiveness of crisis management. During crisis innovation also influences the survival of organization during crises. A new type of innovation, frugal innovation type, still has limited empirical evidence. This study also aims to see how the implementation of the frugal ABOUT THE AUTHOR Diena Dwidienawati is a faculty member in Bina Nusantara University. She completed Doctorate degree from DRM Bina Nusantara University. Interest in research and areas of expertise are in digital business, leadership and strategic management. David Tjahjana obtained his Doctorate degree from DRM Bina Nusantara University. He is a faculty member in Universitas Multimedia Nusantara. His research of interest is in innovation, leadership and strategic management. Dyah Gandasari completed doctorate degree from Doctoral Program in IPB. She is a faculty member in Polbangtan Bogor. Her research of interest includes communication, information and communication technology, organizational behaviour. M. Faisal is pursuing a Doctorate degree at IPB Business School. His research is mostly in human capital theme such as leadership, employee retention and organization effectiveness. Sri Bramantoro Abdinagoro is the faculty member in DRM Bina Nusantara University. He completed his Doctoral degree at Post-Graduate Program Faculty of Economics University of Indonesia. His interest in research and areas of expertise are in marketing management, consumer behaviour and strategic management.
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