The present work was conducted in a two-part study. In part I, the levels of indoor and outdoor PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 was measured using real time GRIMM dust monitors. In part II, the performance of NAIs method was investigated on reduction of indoor concentration of PM in these residential buildings for the first time. Hourly average concentration and standard deviation (SD) of PM 10 in indoor and outdoor at residential buildings were 63.5 ± 27.4 and 90.1 ± 33.5 µg/m 3 , respectively. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM 2.5 in residential buildings were 39.4 ± 18.1 and 49.5 ± 18.2 µg/m 3 and for PM 1 the concentrations were 4.3 ± 7.7 and 6.5 ± 10.1 µg/m 3 , respectively. We estimated that nearly 71.47% of PM 10 , 79.86% of PM 2.5 and of 61.25% of PM 1 in indoor of residential buildings can be removed by negative air ions.

Background: Inhala on of radon and its short-lived decay products is one of the most significant sources of exposure to natural radia on. Radon is the second cause of lung cancer in the popula ons. The present study was carried out under the projects of na onal radon, with the aim of determining the concentra on of indoor in the city of Qom located in the central semi-arid region of Iran. Materials and Methods: Radon measurements were carried out in 123 dwellings using passive sampling with CR-39 detectors for 90 days. The map of radon concentra on distribu on was prepared using Arc GIS so+ware and the sta s cal analysis was performed with SPSS version 20. , respec vely. Conclusion: A correla on was found between the distances from fault zones and measured indoor radon concentra on. In most of cases, radon values were lower in well-ven lated dwellings in comparison with poorly-ven lated ones. Moreover, high radon concentra on levels were observed in basements. The results indicated that in 30 places (24.3% of cases), the radon concentra ons were higher than the reference levels recommended by the World Health Organiza on (100 Bq m -3 ).

For sustainable development an integrated cost-effective approach focused on the goal of health and environmental protection is necessary. In Iran more than 22 million people live in rural communities. A little more than 92% of the rural population in Iran have access to safe drinking water supply, but only less than 0.2% have sanitary wastewater disposal system. Groundwater is the main resource of water supply in rural communities in Iran and contaminated or untreated groundwater can be the major reason for waterborne diseases outbreak and wastewater discharge is the main cause of groundwater contamination. In new strategy in Iran's wastewater company, the importance of wastewater treatment is equal to water treatment in rural communities and the main goal in this section is providing sanitary wastewater disposal system for 8% of rural areas until 2010 and 30% until 2020. One of the most important limitations for establishment of wastewater disposal system is the limitation of governmental funds. For this reason, a national program was performed for ranking of rural communities with the goal of improving the funding effectiveness in wastewater management in rural communities. Many important criteria were considered for determination of priorities, these criteria include: population, population density, water consumption and wastewater generation, wastes disposal systems at present, environmental and health risks, agricultural and industrial wastewater, social conditions specially public participation, investment simplicity and type of living (seasonal or permanent). For collection of information about rural community, according to the criteria, a questionnaire was designed with 40 quantified questions. Questionnaires completed for all rural areas with more than 400 people population (more than 77% of rural population of the country). Completed questionnaires were analyzed with specific software for ranking of villages according to above mentioned criteria. Right now the classification of villages is available in provinces of the country from environmental and health crisis and funding points of view and we know whereabouts have priority for establishment of wastewater installations.

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This work aimed to apply the water safety plan (WSP), a plan suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), to evaluate desalinated water supply system in Qom province of Iran, assisting a systematic prevention approach based on risk assessment. Major portion of Qom drinking water is supplied by an integrated membrane-based desalination system through a private water network. WSP includes 12 phases comprising chapters like "System Description", "Hazard Identification", and "Risk Assessment". The abovementioned phases were conducted according to filled checklists which finally served as the input data for WSP software, namely WSP QA Tool. The processed information by the software attributed to each step was presented finally as appropriate tables and histograms. Total score obtained for Qom desalinated water supply system via WSP was 302 whereas, the full obtainable score considered in WSP was 440. Accordingly, 68.6% of the total WSP obtainable scores was acquired. The scores achieved in steps "catchment", "treatment", "distribution", and "point of use" were 67%, 67%, 64%, and 65%, respectively. The minimum obtained score was 25% assigned to the step "Improvement Plan". The maximum scores were 100% and 97% attributed to "Identification of Stakeholders" and "Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment", respectively. The score of 68.6% from WSP was achieved by Qom desalinated water supply system. The step "Improvement Plan" should be performed simultaneously with the entire WSP to improve the coordination for better enforcement of the plan. To enhance the current condition, the funding demands assigned to each uncontrolled risk which is attributed to each improvement program must be supplied, ranked, and enforced.

For the first time, copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) superficially deposited on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using Euphorbia cheiradenia Boiss leaf aqueous media. A beneficial series of analytical methods was used to characterise E. cheiradenia Boiss leaf extract and involved nanostructures. The Cu/rGO nanocomposite (NC) obtained from the conversion of Cu 2+ ions to Cu NPs and GO to rGO undergoes the plant extract and used as a heterogeneous and reusable nanocatalyst for the destruction of 4-nitrophenol, rhodamine B, methylene blue, methyl orange and congo red using sodium borohydride at ambient temperature. In addition, Cu/rGO NC has reusability for many times in the reduction reactions with no decreasing of its catalytic capability. 2 Experimental 2.1 Instruments and reagents All materials with commercial reagent grade were purchased from Merck and Aldrich. The phase composition of the Cu/rGO NCs was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD, Philips PW 1373). UV-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were measured using Hitachi, U-2900 and Nicolet 370 FT/IR spectrometer, respectively. The morphology of Cu/rGO NCs was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, Cam scan MV2300) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, Philips EM208). The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)

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Background and Purpose: Improper wastewater and solid waste management in rural areas could be a risk to human health and environment pollution. One percent of Iran's rural area is connected to the wastewater collection network. Solid waste management in rural areas of Iran is mainly consisted uncontrolled dumping and open burning. The aim of this study is prioritization of wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management strategies in rural areas of Iran. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study. In this study, firstly were determined appropriate and conventional methods for wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management by using national and case studies. Then, using specified criteria and by applying a weighting system, prioritization was conducted and implementation strategies presented for wastewater and solid waste separate and combined management. Results: The first priority for the collection and treatment, wastewater in rural areas are smalldiameter gravity systems and preliminary treatment with complementary treatment by land, respectively. In order to the rural solid waste management, organic compost complementary systems were in first priority. In the wastewater and solid waste combined management, the first priority was compost and biogas production by combining anaerobic UASB reactor and Chinese biogas. Conclusion: Considering for influence of various factors in selecting an appropriate method is very important in order to wastewater and solid waste separate and the combined management of a rural. Therefore, the accordance of presenting strategy with local conditions and facilities should be taken into consideration.