The present work was conducted in a two-part study. In part I, the levels of indoor and outdoor PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 was measured using real time GRIMM dust monitors. In part II, the performance of NAIs method was investigated on reduction of indoor concentration of PM in these residential buildings for the first time. Hourly average concentration and standard deviation (SD) of PM 10 in indoor and outdoor at residential buildings were 63.5 ± 27.4 and 90.1 ± 33.5 µg/m 3 , respectively. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM 2.5 in residential buildings were 39.4 ± 18.1 and 49.5 ± 18.2 µg/m 3 and for PM 1 the concentrations were 4.3 ± 7.7 and 6.5 ± 10.1 µg/m 3 , respectively. We estimated that nearly 71.47% of PM 10 , 79.86% of PM 2.5 and of 61.25% of PM 1 in indoor of residential buildings can be removed by negative air ions.

Background: Inhala on of radon and its short-lived decay products is one of the most significant sources of exposure to natural radia on. Radon is the second cause of lung cancer in the popula ons. The present study was carried out under the projects of na onal radon, with the aim of determining the concentra on of indoor in the city of Qom located in the central semi-arid region of Iran. Materials and Methods: Radon measurements were carried out in 123 dwellings using passive sampling with CR-39 detectors for 90 days. The map of radon concentra on distribu on was prepared using Arc GIS so+ware and the sta s cal analysis was performed with SPSS version 20. , respec vely. Conclusion: A correla on was found between the distances from fault zones and measured indoor radon concentra on. In most of cases, radon values were lower in well-ven lated dwellings in comparison with poorly-ven lated ones. Moreover, high radon concentra on levels were observed in basements. The results indicated that in 30 places (24.3% of cases), the radon concentra ons were higher than the reference levels recommended by the World Health Organiza on (100 Bq m -3 ).

For sustainable development an integrated cost-effective approach focused on the goal of health and environmental protection is necessary. In Iran more than 22 million people live in rural communities. A little more than 92% of the rural population in Iran have access to safe drinking water supply, but only less than 0.2% have sanitary wastewater disposal system. Groundwater is the main resource of water supply in rural communities in Iran and contaminated or untreated groundwater can be the major reason for waterborne diseases outbreak and wastewater discharge is the main cause of groundwater contamination. In new strategy in Iran's wastewater company, the importance of wastewater treatment is equal to water treatment in rural communities and the main goal in this section is providing sanitary wastewater disposal system for 8% of rural areas until 2010 and 30% until 2020. One of the most important limitations for establishment of wastewater disposal system is the limitation of governmental funds. For this reason, a national program was performed for ranking of rural communities with the goal of improving the funding effectiveness in wastewater management in rural communities. Many important criteria were considered for determination of priorities, these criteria include: population, population density, water consumption and wastewater generation, wastes disposal systems at present, environmental and health risks, agricultural and industrial wastewater, social conditions specially public participation, investment simplicity and type of living (seasonal or permanent). For collection of information about rural community, according to the criteria, a questionnaire was designed with 40 quantified questions. Questionnaires completed for all rural areas with more than 400 people population (more than 77% of rural population of the country). Completed questionnaires were analyzed with specific software for ranking of villages according to above mentioned criteria. Right now the classification of villages is available in provinces of the country from environmental and health crisis and funding points of view and we know whereabouts have priority for establishment of wastewater installations.

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For the first time, copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) superficially deposited on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using Euphorbia cheiradenia Boiss leaf aqueous media. A beneficial series of analytical methods was used to characterise E. cheiradenia Boiss leaf extract and involved nanostructures. The Cu/rGO nanocomposite (NC) obtained from the conversion of Cu 2+ ions to Cu NPs and GO to rGO undergoes the plant extract and used as a heterogeneous and reusable nanocatalyst for the destruction of 4-nitrophenol, rhodamine B, methylene blue, methyl orange and congo red using sodium borohydride at ambient temperature. In addition, Cu/rGO NC has reusability for many times in the reduction reactions with no decreasing of its catalytic capability. 2 Experimental 2.1 Instruments and reagents All materials with commercial reagent grade were purchased from Merck and Aldrich. The phase composition of the Cu/rGO NCs was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD, Philips PW 1373). UV-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were measured using Hitachi, U-2900 and Nicolet 370 FT/IR spectrometer, respectively. The morphology of Cu/rGO NCs was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, Cam scan MV2300) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, Philips EM208). The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)