The creation of management systems for funding priorities in wastewater project in rural communities in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Abstract

For sustainable development an integrated cost-effective approach focused on the goal of health and environmental protection is necessary. In Iran more than 22 million people live in rural communities. A little more than 92% of the rural population in Iran have access to safe drinking water supply, but only less than 0.2% have sanitary wastewater disposal system. Groundwater is the main resource of water supply in rural communities in Iran and contaminated or untreated groundwater can be the major reason for waterborne diseases outbreak and wastewater discharge is the main cause of groundwater contamination. In new strategy in Iran's wastewater company, the importance of wastewater treatment is equal to water treatment in rural communities and the main goal in this section is providing sanitary wastewater disposal system for 8% of rural areas until 2010 and 30% until 2020. One of the most important limitations for establishment of wastewater disposal system is the limitation of governmental funds. For this reason, a national program was performed for ranking of rural communities with the goal of improving the funding effectiveness in wastewater management in rural communities. Many important criteria were considered for determination of priorities, these criteria include: population, population density, water consumption and wastewater generation, wastes disposal systems at present, environmental and health risks, agricultural and industrial wastewater, social conditions specially public participation, investment simplicity and type of living (seasonal or permanent). For collection of information about rural community, according to the criteria, a questionnaire was designed with 40 quantified questions. Questionnaires completed for all rural areas with more than 400 people population (more than 77% of rural population of the country). Completed questionnaires were analyzed with specific software for ranking of villages according to above mentioned criteria. Right now the classification of villages is available in provinces of the country from environmental and health crisis and funding points of view and we know whereabouts have priority for establishment of wastewater installations.

Investigating Activated Sludge Microbial Population Efficiency in Heavy Metals Removal from Compost Leachate

“…2. It can be seen as the same as BOD 5 , with removal efficiencies of COD improved with aeration time increasing in both suspended and attached growth, and maximum removal was obtained in a 72-h aeration time. Maximum COD removal efficiencies were 80% and 75.8% for attached and suspended growth, respectively.…”

“…Dissolved oxygen concentration in the aeration jar was determined with an HQD (4od) probe DO meter from HACH Company. All other analysis included: COD, BOD 5 , and VSS, were conducted according to standard methods for water and wastewater examination [14]. The biomass was estimated by measuring volatile suspended solids (VSS) according to the method of 2940E in standard method.…”

“…Guilan Province is located on the southern side of the Caspian Sea and includes various internationally registered natural resources such as wetlands, lakes, rivers, forests, etc. Improper waste management will have adverse effects on these natural resources and public health [5][6].…”

“…Leachate can be defined as a high-strength organic wastewater that contains a high concentration of recalcitrant organics and toxic mineral matter such as heavy metals. When untreated leachate is discharged directly to the environment it may adversely affect the environment and health [5,7].…”

“…The main objectives of this study were evaluating the contemporaneous removal potentials of heavy metals, BOD 5 , and COD of activated sludge biomass and comparing attached and suspended biomass efficiencies.…”