No abstract

The four tested oils are inexpensive and may represent new botanical insecticides for controlling blowflies.

Camels are very important livestock particularly in arid and semiarid lands. The oestrid fly, Cephalopina titillator (Clark), causes nasopharyngeal myiasis in camels, and it is widely distributed in many camel breeding areas triggering health hazards and severe economic losses in camels. The prevalence of infestation of camels (slaughtered at Tokh's slaughterhouse, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, during the period from September 2011 to March 2012) was 41.67 % (100 out of 240). Most infested camels developed clinical signs of nasal discharge, restlessness, loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, frequent sneezing, and snoring. Postmortem examination of infested camels explained that breathing of the animal is greatly impaired because of blockage of the nasopharynx by larvae and/or mucofibrinous secretions. The larval count per camel ranged from 1 to 250 (mean 28.45 ± 6.48). In vitro larval immersion tests were carried out to determine the efficacy of doramectin (0.003 %) as well as some essential oils (50 % each) such as lavender, camphor, and onion oils against the second and third larval stages (L2 and L3) of C. titillator. Another trial had been done for imitating what could happen if the area around camels were treated with an insecticide or an insect repellent. All treated L2 died 18 h posttreatment (PT) with both doramectin and lavender, and 100 % mortality was reached for L3 after 24 and 30 h PT with lavender and doramectin, respectively. Doramectin and lavender induced the highest response against C. titillator as their lethal time (LT50) values after treatment of L2 were 3.40 and 3.60 h, respectively, and those of L3 were 4.99 and 5.53 h, respectively. Against both L2 and L3 of C. titillator and based on LT50 values of onion oil and those of other applied materials, doramectin and lavender oil were four times more effective than onion oil, and camphor oil was two times more effective than onion oil. Based on LT50 values of essential oils and those of doramectin, as a reference substance, the relative speed of efficacy indicated that camphor and onion oils were, respectively, two and four times less effective than doramectin and lavender. With regard to fumigant technique, neither the insecticide, New Pyrosol, nor the insect repellent, Keto, was effective in controlling C. titillator larvae. Our results indicated that doramectin and lavender could be selected as drugs of choice for controlling C. titillator, but it is not permitted to use doramectin on dairy animals during lactation. Lavender (50 %) has a great potential to be developed as a novel larvicide and could be used as nasal drench against nasal botfly which will reflect on camel production and the national economy.

Aim:The primary objective of the present study is to determine the commonness of filarial parasites in donkeys in Egypt, identification of the filarial species tainting them and the delivered pathogenic impact connected with the infestation.Materials and Methods:A total of 188 donkeys were examined for filarial infection. The blood samples and scraping of the cutaneous bleeding lesions were collected, stained, and inspected for microfilariae all through the period from March 2011 to October 2013. The adult worms were perceived in tissue samples acquired from skin scraping, testes, eyes, tendons, peritoneal and pleural cavities, and the ligamentum nuchae.Results:On the basis of morphological identification, 163 of 188 donkeys (86.70%) were infected with Onchocerca cervicalis (82.98%), Setaria equina (31.11%), Parafilaria multipapillosa (5.32%), and Onchocerca reticulata (4.26%). There was no significant effect of the sex on the incidence of all the encounteredfilarial worms except for S. equina, where the infection rate prevailed in males versus females (40.82% vs. 35.90%). In addition, age group of 5-15 years old exhibited a fundamentally higher predominance (p< 0.05) of the recognized filarial worms versus those of < 5 years old and >15 years old.Conclusion:The preliminary results add to our comprehension of filarial species infecting donkeys in Egypt, their impact on animal execution and production. Accentuation must be taken for avoidance, control of filarial disease, and improvement of the management system of donkeys.

The acaricidal activity of peracetic acid, PAA, against the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus, and the fowl tick, Argas persicus was tested using filter paper contact bioassay. PAA had a great potential as acaricide and its effectiveness increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. Two minutes after treatment with 0.5%, PAA induced 100% mortality of both tick species and LC50 values for cattle and fowl ticks, after treatment for 30 min, were 0.06 and 0.05%, respectively. Following treatment with 0.25%, the LT50 values were 0.02 and 3.12 min, respectively. Furthermore, the detrimental effect of PAA against cattle tick extended beyond the adult stage, it significantly prolonged the preoviposition period, shortened the oviposition period, and decreased the mean number of the layed eggs, such parameters were 14.75 and 6.57 days, as well as 457.50, respectively, after treatment with 0.25% of PAA. Therefore, PAA is highly effective when used at lower doses and short exposure time. The high speed of killing ticks is very important for avoidance of the hazard ensued by pathogen transmission in the course of delayed mortality caused by the currently used acaricides.A atividade acaricida do ácido peracético, PAA, contra os carrapatos bovinos Boophilus annulatus, de aves, Argas persicus foi testada pelo uso do sistema de filtro de papel. O PAA mostrou um grande potencial acaricida e os efeitos aumentaram com o aumento da concentração e tempo de exposição ao produto. Dois minutos após o tratamento com 0,5%, o PAA causou 100% de mortalidade em ambas as espécies. O valor de LC50 foram, respectivamente, 0,06 e 0,05%, para o tratamento de 30 minutos. O tratamento com 0,25%, teve um LT50 de, respectivamente, 0,02 e 3,12 min. Além disso, os danos causados pelo tratamento com 0,25% de PPA atingiram a fase adulta do carrapato, prolongando o tempo de pré-postura (14,75 dias), reduzindo o período de postura (6,57 dias) e número de ovos (457,50). Portanto, o PPA é altamente eficaz, mesmo quando usado em baixas doses e por curso períodos de exposição. A grande velocidade para matar os carrapatos é muito importante para evitar o perigo de transmissão de. Descritores: Boophilus annulatus, Argas persicus, acaricida, ácido peracético. The acaricidal effect of peracetic acid against Boophilus annulatus and Argas persicus. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 35: 27-40. Khater H.F. & Ramadan M.Y. 2007. The acaricidal effect of peracetic acid against Boophilus annulatus and Argas persicus. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 35: 27-40.

Sheep coccidiosis is an infection of economic and medical importance and have been observed in almost all alive sheep rearing in the world. Examination of 928 sheep fecal samples from different localities in Kaloubia Governorate for detection of Eimeria infection revealed a prevalence rate of 72.5% (n= 673/928). The identified Eimeria species oocysts were Eimeria candelas (78.3%), E. granulosa (63%), E. ovinoidalis (41%), E. parva (31.5%), E. pallida (22.1%), E. intricata (6.8%), E. faurei (6.2%) and E. ahasta (4.9%). The prevalence rate was high in females (76.3%) as compared to males (68.3%). The incidence of infection peaked in winter (83.1%) followed by spring (80.8%), while the lowest rate was in summer (61.0%). High prevalence rate was recorded in ages > 6 months (90.8%), followed by 6-12months (73.6%), while the lowest rate was in sheep over 1 year of age (55.6%). Single infection was recorded in 26.6% of infected sheep. Double infection rate was in 29.7% while mixed infection rate was in 43.7%. With regard to breeds, Rahmany and Osemy breed showed the highest infection rate (80.9% and 73.9%; respectively). On the other hand, Baladi breed showed the lowest infection rate (58.3%). Immunized dam with UV attenuated Eimeria oocysts and their progeny showed a significant increase in both IgG and IgM as compared to non-immunized control group. Biochemical analysis Immunized dams and their progeny showed high level of albumin, Beta and Gamma concentration levels as compared to control dams and their progeny. Conclusion, it could be concluded that Egyptian sheep was infected by 8 species of Eimeria with predominant of Eimeria crandalis and Eimeria granulosa. New born lambs from immunized ewes have high serum immunoglobulin especially IgG compared to those from non-immunized ewes. Recommendation, Immunization of pregnant ewes by two doses UV irradiated Eimeria oocysts one month before parturition to give protection to their progeny.

The study was conducted to study the effect of Ultraviolet radiated Eimeria oocysts on immune pattern of lambs. For this purpose, Eimeria sp. (E. crandalis, E. granulosa, E. ovinoidalis, E. parva, E. pallida and E. faurei) were collected from infected sheep and propagated in a lamb for increasing the number of oocysts. The collected Eimeria sp. from the lamb, were sporulated in potassium dichromate 2.5% and divided into 3 parts; the 1 st part was exposed to UV radiation for half hour and the 2 nd part for one hour and the third left without irradiation. Nine lambs were classified into 3 equal groups; G1 was inoculated by half hour UV irradiated Eimeria oocysts, G2 was inoculated by one-hour UV irradiated Eimeria oocysts and G3 was inoculated by non-irradiated Eimeria oocysts. Fecal samples were collected from all lamb groups from 5 th to 21 th days, identified and count. Challenge by non-attenuated Eimeria was carried out at 21 th day post inoculation. The obtained results revealed that immunization of lambs by using one-hour UV irradiated Eimeria oocysts showed low number of oocysts in feces before and after challenge compared to other groups. The same group also showed high level of γ globulin as well as increasing levels of IgG. It was recommended that immunization of lambs by one-hour UV irradiated Eimeria oocysts could protect lambs against Coccidiosis.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease that commonly infects goat in Egypt. For its diagnosis, sera form 48 pregnant does were tested for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies through indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT). Samples were collected between the periods extended from November 2006 to March 2007. The seropositive rate of pregnant does (Meet Kenana, Kalubyia Governorate, Egypt) was 35.42% (17/48). After using MAT test against T. gondii-IgM, 11 sera (22.9%) were found positive. The older animals were more frequently infected (50%) than the younger goats (26.3%). Higher prevalence in aged does was confirmed by MAT. Total T.gondii antibodies and IgM were gradually increased with the development of pregnancy. Two months post treatment with sulfademidine 33.3 %, for 5 successive days at a dose of 200 mg/kg, resulted in not only reduction of T.gondii total antibodies and IgM in all treated does, but re-modulation of T.gondii antibody titres moderately toward the mild titres, and prevention of congenital infection and abortion as well. Whereas IgM was not recorded in treated does, it was detected in the untreated ones. No abortion was recorded in all treated does, but an untreated doe delivered two dead fetuses. The delivered kids belonged to treated does were seropositive for T. gondii antibodies by using IHAT, yet they were seronegative for T.gondii-IgM by using MAT. In contrast, kids belonged to untreated does were seropositive by using both IHAT and MAT. Adequate management might be useful and essential to control toxoplasmosis in the goat herds of Kalubyia Governorate. . 2007. Seroprevalence and preliminary treatment of toxoplasmosis of pregnant goats in Kalubyia Governorate, Egypt.Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 35: 295-301.