Aim:The primary objective of the present study is to determine the commonness of filarial parasites in donkeys in Egypt, identification of the filarial species tainting them and the delivered pathogenic impact connected with the infestation.Materials and Methods:A total of 188 donkeys were examined for filarial infection. The blood samples and scraping of the cutaneous bleeding lesions were collected, stained, and inspected for microfilariae all through the period from March 2011 to October 2013. The adult worms were perceived in tissue samples acquired from skin scraping, testes, eyes, tendons, peritoneal and pleural cavities, and the ligamentum nuchae.Results:On the basis of morphological identification, 163 of 188 donkeys (86.70%) were infected with Onchocerca cervicalis (82.98%), Setaria equina (31.11%), Parafilaria multipapillosa (5.32%), and Onchocerca reticulata (4.26%). There was no significant effect of the sex on the incidence of all the encounteredfilarial worms except for S. equina, where the infection rate prevailed in males versus females (40.82% vs. 35.90%). In addition, age group of 5-15 years old exhibited a fundamentally higher predominance (p< 0.05) of the recognized filarial worms versus those of < 5 years old and >15 years old.Conclusion:The preliminary results add to our comprehension of filarial species infecting donkeys in Egypt, their impact on animal execution and production. Accentuation must be taken for avoidance, control of filarial disease, and improvement of the management system of donkeys.

Background: Haemonchosis is a major parasitic disease in Egyptian sheep industry and its effect on production, animal wellbeing, and welfare is likely to increase. The present study recorded Haemonchus spp. hereditary diversity and population structure among various animal hosts by amplification and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene distinguished at 709 base pair (bp) which have been submitted in GenBank with accession numbers (KT826575, KT826574, KT826573, and KT826572) for sheep, goats, cattle, and camels, individually. Results: The main identity percent was 93.5% among sheep and goat isolates with divergence percent of 4.4%. The most reduced identity percent was 80.2% among sheep and camel isolates with divergence percent of 21.9%. The phylogenetic tree indicated clustering of sheep, goats, and cattle isolates which proved that high rates of gene flow among population and in between various ruminant hosts are existing as a result of intensively managed flocks. In contrast, Haemonchus longistipes (H. longistipes) confined from Egyptian camels indicated little homology with Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) and was the hereditarily most distinct taxa without clustering with different hosts in phylogenetic analysis. The COI haplotypes from Egypt that were contrasted with Haemonchus isolates from different countries to elucidate the population structure revealed that our isolates indicated most elevated identity with Haemonchus isolated from Pakistan. Conclusions: These results can be figured out as a part of a new control approach for haemonchosis incorporating and respecting ecological trends. This work is the principal focus at the molecular level which demonstrated that H. longistipes is Haemonchus spp. of Egyptian camels.

The objective of this study was assessing the Intradermal test (IDT) in the diagnosis of both cephalopinosis and rhinoestrosis. 6 males one-humped dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) admitted to camel hosting house of El-Basateen slaughter house, beside, 12 female Egyptian donkeys (Equus asinus) admitted to Giza zoo abattoir from Bani-suef were subjected to an intradermal injection of 0.5 ml of PBS PH ( 7.2) at one side of the neck and this served as negative control; on the other side of the neck each animal received 3 intradermal injections of 3 different protein concentrations (0.5mg/ml, 1mg/ml and 1.5 mg/ml) for each antigen (1 st larval instars crude extract and salivary gland extract of Cephalopina titillator larvae, and, Excretory secretory product (ESP), Salivary gland extract, Mid-gut extract and Mixed crude extract of Rhinoestrus spp. larvae). The results of the IDT were determined through measuring the diameter of the resulting wheals using a scale bar and by detection of presence or absence of skin reactions. The swelling size in the skin was increased with increasing the concentration of the injected antigen. Most animals showed skin reactions after 30 min. The results signified the critical role of IDT in early diagnosis of cephalopinosis and rhinoestrosis.

The aim of this study was updating the information about the prevalence of infestation with Rhinoestrus spp. larvae in Egypt and as a result determining the correct time for chemotherapy. 303 Egyptian donkeys (Equus asinus) of different ages and sex slaughtered at Giza Zoo slaughter house from June 2014 to May 2015 were examined for the presence of Rhinoestrus spp. larvae. A total of 8388 Rhinoestrus spp. larvae [7221 L1 (86.08%), 545 L2 (6.49%), 622 L3 (7.41%)] were recovered from 74.91% of donkeys with an overall mean of 27.68 ± 2.43 larvae per head. Heavier infestations were recorded in winter and summer. There were more than two generations of Rhinoestrus spp. occurred in the year. Two yearly treatments during June and November are recommended for eradication of such infestation from donkeys.