ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the effects of different light regimes and temperatures on the germination of S. hispanica seeds and used a factorial scheme in a completely randomized experimental design, in which three light conditions were combined with six temperatures (constant 20, 25, 30 and 35°C and alternating 20-30 and 25-30°C), totaling 18 treatments with four 50-seed replications. The seeds were sown on blotting paper in transparent plastic boxes and then allowed to germinate in Biochemical Oxygen Demand germinators. The seeds were evaluated over a period of eight days with respect to the following variables: germination percentage, average germination time, shoot and root lengths, shoot and root dry weights and root-shoot ratio. The data were submitted to Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05%). The S. hispanica seed (beige colored) germination test can be carried out at constant (25°C) or alternating (25-30°C) temperatures. The germination of the seeds was indifferent to the light conditions evaluated; however, there was increased seedling growth and dry matter accumulation in the presence of light. The duration of the S. hispanica seed germination test can be five days, with the first count on the second day after sowing.Keywords: chia, seeds analysis, germination test.Regime de luz e temperatura na germinação de sementes de Salvia hispanica L. RESUMO.A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes regimes de luz e temperaturas sob a germinação de sementes de S. hispanica. Adotou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial constituído pela combinação de três condições de luminosidade (luz constante, escuro constante e alternância luz/escuro com 8h de luz e 16h de escuro) e seis temperaturas (quatro temperaturas constantes 20, 25, 30 e 35°C, e duas alternadas 20-30 e 25-30°C), perfazendo 18 tratamentos em quatro repetições de 50 sementes. As sementes foram semeadas em caixas plásticas transparentes, tendo como substrato papel mata-borrão e colocadas para germinar em Biochemical Oxigen Demand. As sementes foram avaliadas durante oito dias através das seguintes variáveis: percentagem de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da radícula, massa seca da parte aérea e da radícula e relação raiz/parte aérea. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05%). O teste de germinação de sementes de S. hispanica (coloração bege) pode ser conduzido em temperaturas constante de 25°C e alternada de 25-30°C. A germinação das sementes mostrou-se indiferente à luminosidade, no entanto, verificou-se maior crescimento das plântulas e acúmulo de massa seca na presença de luz. A duração do teste de germinação de sementes S. hispanica pode ser de cinco dias, com a primeira contagem realizada no segundo dia após a semeadura.Palavras-chave: chia, análise de sementes, teste de germinação.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of physiological priming with salicylic acid on the mitigation of water and salt stresses on onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds. For this, seeds of onion, cultivar IPA 11, were soaked in salicylic acid solution (50 µM) for 24 h and placed to germinate at different water and saline potentials. For water stress, the experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme (salicylic acid with 0 and 50 µM and osmotic potentials of 0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3, -0.4 MPa induced by polyethylene glycol 6000), with four repetitions of 50 seeds per plot. In salt stress, the adopted experimental design was completely randomized, with treatments distributed in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (salicylic acid at concentrations of 0 and 50 µM and the osmotic potentials of 0, -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa induced by NaCl), in four repetitions of 50 seeds. For both experiments, germination, growth and accumulation of organic solutes were evaluated. Salicylic acid did not stimulate the germination of onion seeds in the absence of stress, but the application of 50 µM of salicylic acid increased the germination speed, growth and dry matter accumulation under conditions of water and salt stress. Onion plants were efficient in performing osmotic adjustment up to the potentials of -0.2 MPa induced by PEG 6000 under water stress and of -0.4 MPa induced by NaCl under salt stress.
A B S T R A C TSunflower is a species with multiple potentialities and its yield can be affected by the presence of soluble salts in the soil, which is common in arid, semi-arid and irrigated regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydropriming as inducer of salinity tolerance in seeds and seedlings of sunflower, hybrid MG305CP. The germination tests were set with four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment, maintained in germinator at 30 ºC for ten days. To simulate salinity, sodium chloride diluted in distilled water was used at electrical conductivities of 0 (control), 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS m -1. On the tenth day, the number of normal seedlings was counted and the length and dry matter of shoots and roots were determined. Seedling fresh matter was used to determine the contents of total chlorophyll, total soluble sugars and proline. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme (with and without hydropriming and five levels of salinity). Hydroprimed sunflower seeds showed greater vigor expression, with higher number of normal seedlings and faster germination.Hidrocondicionamento como indutor de tolerância à salinidade em sementes de girassol R E S U M O O girassol é uma espécie com múltiplas potencialidades, cuja produtividade pode ser afetada pela presença de sais solúveis no solo, fato comum em regiões áridas, semiáridas e irrigadas. Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do hidrocondicionamento como indutor de tolerância à salinidade em sementes e plântulas de girassol, híbrido MG305CP. Os testes de germinação foram instalados com quatro repetições de 50 sementes por tratamento, sendo mantidos em germinador a 30 ºC por dez dias. Para simular a salinidade, utilizou-se cloreto de sódio diluído em água destilada nas condutividades elétricas de 0 (controle); 4; 8; 12 e 16 dS m -1. No décimo dia, computou-se o número de plântulas normais, comprimento e massa seca de parte aérea e raiz. A partir da matéria fresca de plântulas foi determinado o teor de clorofila total, açúcar solúveis totais e prolina. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 (com e sem hidrocondicionamento e cinco níveis de salinidade). As sementes de girassol hidrocondicionadas apresentaram maior expressão de vigor com maior número de plântulas normais e germinação mais rápida.
Most plant species are susceptible to the effects of salinity, such as increases in osmotic potentials and deleterious ionic effects, which in turn affect water absorption in plants and, consequently, compromise germination and seedling growth. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of salinity on the germination, initial growth, and physiological and biochemical components of S. hispanica seedlings at different temperatures. The experimental design was completely randomized, with treatments distributed in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme with five saline concentrations (0.0 (control), 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0 dS m-1) four temperature regimes (20, 25, 30, and 20-30°C), and four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment. The experiment evaluated the germination, growth, biochemical components (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, amino acids, proline and sugars) and phytomass accumulation of S. hispanica seedlings. Saline levels higher than 4.5 dS m-1 together with treatment temperatures of 30 or 20-30°C negatively affected the germination, vigor, growth and biochemical components of the seedlings. The 25°C treatment temperature promoted the best conditions for the development of S. hispanica seedlings up to the saline level of 9.0 dS m-1 .
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of salinity on the germination and initial growth of 'jurema-de-embira' (Mimosa ophthalmocentra) seedlings at different temperatures. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme of eight salt concentrations (0; 4.0; 8.0; 12.0; 16.0; 20.0; 24.0 and 28.0 dS m-1) and four temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 20-30 °C) in four replicates of 25 seeds under an 8-h photoperiod in Biochemical Oxygen Demand germinators. The variables analyzed were: germination, germination speed index, shoot and root lengths, and shoot, root and total dry matter. Temperature variation influences the response of 'jurema-de-embira' seeds to salinity, and the salt stress is intensified by the increase in temperature. 'Jurema-de-embira' is tolerant to salt stress in the germination stage, showing satisfactory germination up to the salinity level 20 dS m-1 , at temperatures below 30 °C. The initial growth of 'jurema-de-embira' plants is satisfactory up to salinity of 12 dS m-1 , at temperatures below 30 °C. Estresse salino e temperaturas na germinação e crescimento inicial de jurema-de-embira (Mimosa ophthalmocentra) R E S U M O Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar os efeitos da salinidade sobre a germinação e crescimento inicial de plântulas de jurema-de-embira (Mimosa ophthalmocentra) em diferentes temperaturas. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial de oito concentrações salinas (0; 4,0; 8,0; 12,0; 16,0; 20,0; 24,0 e 28,0 dS m-1) e quatro temperaturas (25, 30, 35 e 20-30 °C), em quatro repetições de 25 sementes, sob fotoperíodo de 8 h em germinadores do tipo Biochemical Oxygen Demand. As variáveis analisadas foram germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea, raiz e total. A variação da temperatura influencia a resposta das sementes de jurema-de-embira à salinidade, sendo o estresse salino potencializado pelo aumento das temperaturas. A jurema-de-embira é tolerante na fase de germinação ao estresse salino, apresentando germinação satisfatória até o nível de salinidade 20 dS m-1 , em temperaturas inferiores a 30 °C. O crescimento inicial das plantas de jurema-de-embira é satisfatório até a salinidade de 12 dS m-1 , em temperaturas inferiores a 30 °C.
Resumo-O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o crescimento inicial e partição da biomassa de mudas de mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd.) submetidas a diferentes doses de fósforo na presença e ausência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA's). Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, num esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com quatro blocos e três plantas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação de cinco doses de fósforo (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg de P.kg de solo-1), utilizando-se como fonte o adubo superfosfato simples, e presença ou ausência de FMA's. Aos 98 dias após a semeadura (DAS) foram avaliadas as variáveis: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, índice de conteúdo de clorofila foliar, matéria seca das folhas, caules e raízes, área foliar, índice de qualidade de Dickson e relação altura/diâmetro do colo. A dose de 200 mg.kg-1 de P mostrouse a mais eficiente para produção de mudas de mulungu, mas com uma diminuição significativa na associação biológica dessa espécie com rizobactérias. A distribuição de biomassa entre os órgãos das mudas não foi alterada entre diferentes doses de P, não havendo benefícios na utilização de FMA's até os 98 DAS. Growth and biomass partitioning of mulungu seedlings in response to phosphorus fertilization and mycorrhizal inoculation Abstract-The objective of this work was to evaluate the initial growth and biomass partitioning of mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd.) seedlings under different rates of phosphorus in the presence and absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA's). A randomized blocks design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement was used, with four replicates and three plants per plot. Treatments consisted of five phosphorus rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.kg soil-1), using as source the superphosphate fertilizer, and presence or absence of FMA's. At 98 days after sowing (DAS), shoot height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter, root dry matter, leaf area, Dickson quality index and height/stem diameter ratio were evaluated. The phosphorus rate of 200 mg.kg-1 proved to be the most efficient for production of Erythrina velutina seedlings, but with a significant reduction in the biological association of this plant with rhizobacteria. Biomass distribution within the different parts of the plants did not change with distinct rates of P, and there were no benefits in the use of FMA's until 98 DAS.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of ‘jurema-branca’ seedlings (Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke.), irrigated with effluent from fish farming in order to meet the nutritional demand in the initial growth stage. The treatments consisted in the dilution of fish farming wastewater in different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) with supply water. Seeds were sown in 0.9-L polyethylene bag containing a mixture of soil and manure. At 54 days after sowing the shoot length, stem diameter, height/diameter ratio, number of leaves, leaf area, unit leaf area, dry matter of stem, leaves, shoots, roots and total, chlorophyll content index and Dickson quality index were evaluated. The growth of ‘jurema-branca’ seedlings is favored by the dilution of 25% of fish farming wastewater in the supply water. Using up to 25% of the concentration of the fish farming effluent does not significantly affect the dry biomass accumulation in ‘jurema-branca’ seedlings, in relation to the control. The reuse of fish farming wastewater diluted at proportion of up to 25% is a viable alternative to meet the water demand in the production of forest seedlings.
RESUMO A atividade respiratória pelo método Pettenkofer é uma possível alternativa aos testes tradicionais para a determinação do vigor de lotes de sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência do método de Pettenkofer na determinação da atividade respiratória, para diferenciar o vigor de lotes de sementes de rúcula, cultivares Cultivada e Folha Larga. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os dados de germinação e vigor (atividade respiratória) foram submetidos à análise de correlação. Além da atividade respiratória foram realizados os testes de germinação, emergência de plântulas e lixiviação de potássio. Os resultados dos diferentes testes realizados permitiram a classificação dos lotes em diferentes níveis de qualidade fisiológica, sendo a determinação da atividade respiratória pelo método de Pettenkofer eficiente, rápida e útil, como alternativa na diferenciação do vigor de lotes de sementes de rúcula.
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