Background and AimAsian house shrew (Suncus murinus), a widely distributed small mammal in the South Asian region, can carry helminths of zoonotic importance. The aim of the study was to know the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal (GI) helminths in free-ranging Asian house shrew (S. murinus) in Bangladesh.Materials and MethodsA total of 86 Asian house shrews were captured from forest areas and other habitats of Bangladesh in 2015. Gross examination of the whole GI tract was performed for gross helminth detection, and coproscopy was done for identification of specific eggs or larvae.ResultsThe overall prevalence of GI helminth was 77.9% (67/86), with six species including nematodes (3), cestodes (2), and trematodes (1). Of the detected helminths, the dominant parasitic group was from the genus Hymenolepis spp.(59%), followed by Strongyloides spp.(17%), Capillaria spp. (10%), Physaloptera spp. (3%), and Echinostoma spp.(3%).ConclusionThe finding shows that the presence of potential zoonotic parasites (Hymenolepis spp. and Capillaria spp.) in Asian house shrew is ubiquitous in all types of habitat (forest land, cropland and dwelling) in Bangladesh. Therefore, further investigation is crucial to examine their role in the transmission of human helminthiasis.
This paper proposes a high-performance and robust linear quadratic regulator-proportional integral derivative (LQR-PID) controller for frequency regulation in a two-area interconnected smart grid with a population of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Controller robustness is achieved using a linear matrix inequality approach. The proposed control framework is tested in a simulated two-area interconnected smart grid integrated with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles under load disturbances and wind power fluctuations. The performance of the proposed controller is simulated using Matlab and compared with that of a conventional linear quadratic regulator controller. Simulation results show that the proposed controller provides reliable smart grid frequency control.INDEX TERMS Smart grid, frequency control, linear matrix inequality.
This paper presents the design of an extended parameterisations of H ∞ controller for off grid operation of a microgrid. The microgrid consists of distributed generation units, filters and local loads. The filters are used to achieve accurate sinusoidal output voltage. However, loads which are connected to the microgrid are parametrically uncertain. Hence, it undergoes with unknown loads uncertainties. These unknown loads may create unknown loads harmonics, non-linearities which may reduce the voltage and current profile of the microgrid. As a result, the sudden rise and fall of voltage current profile damages the domestic and commercial loads. The proposed controller provides robust stability against various unknown loads and uncertainties. The design of the controller is presented using linear matrix inequality approach and satisfies the Lyapunov stability criterion. Moreover, it provides lower closed-loop H ∞ norm and has better tracking accuracy than other. For justification, several load conditions have been tested in MATLAB/SimPowerSystem Toolbox to ensure the robust stability of the proposed controller. All the results presented in the paper indicate high performance of the controller.
Comprehensive biodiversity assessment of moths in Nigeria rely greatly on accurate species identification. While most of the Nigerian moths are identified effortlessly using their morphological traits, some taxa are morphologically indistinguishable, which makes it difficult for taxon diagnosis. We investigated the efficiency of the DNA barcode, a fragment of the mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I, as a tool for the identification of Nigerian moths. We barcoded 152 individuals comprising 18 morphospecies collected from one of the remaining and threatened rainforest blocks of Nigeria – the Cross River National Park. Phenetic neighbor-joining tree and phylogenetic Maximum Likelihood approach were employed for the molecular-based species identification. Results showed that DNA barcodes enabled species-level identification of most of the individuals collected from the Park. Additionally, DNA barcoding unraveled the presence of at least six potential new and yet undescribed species—Amnemopsyche sp., Arctia sp., Deinypena sp., Hodebertia sp., Otroeda sp., and Palpita sp. The phylogenetic Maximum Likelihood using the combined dataset of all the newly assembled sequences from Nigeria showed that all species formed unique clades. The phylogenetic analyses provided evidence of population divergence in Euchromia lethe, Nyctemera leuconoe, and Deinypena lacista. This study thus illustrates the efficacy of DNA barcoding for species identification and discovery of potential new species, which demonstrates its relevance in biodiversity documentation of Nigerian moths. Future work should, therefore, extend to the creation of an exhaustive DNA barcode reference library comprising all species of moths from Nigeria to have a comprehensive insight on the diversity of moths in the country. Finally, we propose integrated taxonomic methods that would combine morphological, ecological, and molecular data in the identification and diversity studies of moths in Nigeria.
Habitat selection of common skipper frog [Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799)] was studied by a sampling (covering all the three seasons) of data collection on six abiotic (size and depth of water body, air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen and free carbon dioxide) and three biotic (plant species richness, zooplankton species richness and zooplankton density) factors of three ponds in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The discriminant analysis, cluster analysis and paired t-test of total data revealed that the three water bodies functioned as separate systems. Of the nine factors, only four (AT, WT, FCO2 and Zp_den) had individual significant influence on the frog at least at one of the ponds. However, the maximum R 2 value (0.712, p < 0.001) indicates that at least some important factors were not included in the investigation.
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