PHEV Participating in Load Frequency Regulation of Interconnected Smart Grid Using Integral Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control Approach

Analysis of Voltage and Reactive Power Algorithms in Low Voltage Networks

“…It gathers monitoring data from sensors, meters, and other devices [55]. The load dynamics are directly linked to the controller in this control approach, which offers balancing power for changing load parameter values [58]. This controller type is sufficient to solve most control problems, provides good performance, and its built-in parameter K i removes steadystate error, while the derived parameter K d improves transient response [56].…”

“…PIDs and derivative algorithms are more practical since they operate with basic control methods [53]. The simplicity and ease of installation of this controller are its main advantages [58]. The benefit of using a PID controller is that it has a better transient response and can reduce steady-state error between the actual and desired outputs [60].…”

“…PID controllers with a low order transfer function have a lower complexity. It has a limited bandwidth and is not very resilient against load dynamics [57,58].…”

“…Another advantage is that the controller can be designed to apply heuristic rules that reflect human expert experience [52]. The most difficult aspect of employing fuzzy control approaches is determining the proper membership functions and control rules quickly and effectively [58].…”