Abstract-We consider a multi-cluster, multi-hop packet radio network architecture for wireless systems which can dynamically adapt itself with the changing network configurations. Due to the dynamic nature of the mobile nodes, their association and dissociation to and from clusters perturb the stability of the system, and hence a reconfiguration of the system is unavoidable. At the same time it is vital to keep the topology stable as long as possible. The clusterheads, which form a dominant set in the network, decide the topology and are responsible for its stability. In this paper, we propose a weighted clustering algorithm (WCA) which takes into consideration the ideal degree, transmission power, mobility and battery power of a mobile node. We try to keep the number of nodes in a cluster around a pre-defined threshold to facilitate the optimal operation of the medium access control (MAC) protocol. Our clusterhead election procedure is not periodic as in earlier research, hut adapts based on the dynamism of the nodes. This on-demand execution of WCA aims to maintain the stability of the network, thus lowering the computation and communication costs associated with it. Simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of WCA in terms of the number of clusterheads, reaflliation frequency and dominant set updates. Results show that the WCA performs better than the existing algorithms and is also tunable to different types of ad hoc networks.

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This paper describes the usefulness of renewable energy throughout the world to generate power. Renewable energy adds a remarkable scope in power system. Renewable energy sources act as the prime mover of a microgrid. The Microgrid is a small network of power system with distributed generation (DG) units connected in parallel. The integration challenges of renewable energy sources and the control of microgrid are described in this paper. The varied nature of DG system produces voltage and frequency deviation. The unknown nature of the load produces un-modeled dynamics. This un-modeled dynamic introduces measurable effects on the performance of the microgrid. This paper investigates the performance of the microgrid against different scenarios. The voltage of the microgrid is controlled by using different controllers and their results are also investigated. The performance of controllers is investigated using MATLAB/Simulink SimPowerSystems.

Sensing Optimizations Computing Optimizations Communications Optimizations  Commercial products and services  Standards for wireless protocol and transducer test method  Checkpointing optimization  Timekeeping across power failures  Packet-less communication  Reinforcement learning based communication optimization  Backscatter communication  Kinetic EH sensing  Thermal EH sensing  Solar EH sensing  RF EH sensingTABLE I: Vendors specializing in energy harvesting components and solutions suitable for IoTs. Company Source Energy Harvester EH Solution Application Foundation Year Piezo Systems Kinetic × piezoelectric energy harvesting 1988 MIDE Technology Kinetic × piezoelectric energy harvesting

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Abstract-In this paper, we introduce DRIH-MAC, a distributed receiver-initiated medium access control protocol for communication among nanonodes in a wireless electromagnetic nanonetwork. DRIH-MAC is developed based on the following principles: 1) communication starts via the receiver with the goal of maximizing the energy utilization; 2) the distributed scheme for accessing the medium is designed based on graph coloring; and 3) communication scheduling works in coordination with the energy harvesting process. DRIH-MAC is based on a probabilistic scheme to create a scalable and light-weight solution, which minimizes collisions and maximizes the utilization of harvested energy, and can be used in a wide variety of applications. Through simulation experiments, we demonstrate the efficiency of DRIH-MAC in a sample medical monitoring application. In particular, DRIH-MAC can improve energy utilization by 50% as compared to a random MAC protocol. Furthermore, it can satisfy application requirements such as delay, even with low energy harvesting rates.

Abstract-In this paper, we consider the use of our recently proposed Intra-Domain Mobility Management Protocol (IDMP) in ¢ ¡ ¤ £ generation (4G) mobile networks. On evaluating the heterogeneous access technologies, cellular layouts and application characteristics of 4G environments, we realize a need to reduce both the handoff latency and the frequency of mobility-related signaling. We first present IDMP's fast intra-domain handoff mechanism that uses a duration-limited, proactive packet 'multicasting' solution. We quantify the expected buffering requirements of our proposed multicasting scheme for typical 4G network characteristics and compare it with alternative IP-based fast handoff solutions. We also present a paging scheme under IDMP that replicates the current cellular paging structure. Our paging mechanism supports generic paging strategies and can significantly reduce the mobility-related IP signaling load.