The first case of African swine fever in domestic pigs in Serbia was in 2019. The following year, the disease was confirmed in wild boar. Thenceforth, ASF has been continuously reported in both wild and domestic pigs. The outbreaks in domestic pigs could not be linked directly to wild boars, even though wild boars were endemically infected, and reservoirs for ASF. This study aimed to investigate outbreaks and routes of transmission in domestic pigs in a region of central Serbia where no outbreaks in wild boar were reported. Fourteen outbreaks of ASF on backyard farms with low biosecurity were traced back, and no connection to wild boar was found. The epidemic investigation covered 2094 holdings, with 24,368 pigs, out of which 1882 were tested for ASF. In surrounding hunting grounds, field searches were conducted. Dead wild boars were found, and 138 hunted wild boars were negative for ASFV. It was concluded that outbreaks in 2021 were provoked by the illegal trade of live animals and pig products. Even though infective pressure from wild boars is assumed, no positive cases have been found, while the ASFV spreads within the domestic swine population evidenced in four recent outbreaks in 2022.
Gumboro disease is an acute infectious disease which causes primary lesions in the Bursa Fabricii. The disease is most commonly seen in broilers between the third and sixth week of growth, and in egglaying hens up to the 18th week. In susceptible flocks the disease emerges abruptly, with high morbidity (up to 100%) and with an average mortality of 20-30%. The disease causes large economic losses in intensive poultry production. In this investigation we used the epidemiological data on Gamboro disease spreading and the extent of economic losses in broilers and egg-laying hens on a single epizootiologic region during a six-year period. Closer analysis of economic losses was performed on experimental farms. A higher prevalence of the diseases in egg-laying hens than in broilers was observed (p<0.05), while the incidence was in both groups higher during the summer period (in June and July) than during the rest of the year (p<0.05). The extent of economic losses during observed period was 11,654,336 dinars. Broilers participated in total losses with 14.76%, and egg-laying hens with 85.24%. The proposed program of Gumboro disease control in the observed epizootiological region showed economic justification (NPV = 56.277.056,84 dinars; RBC = 2.418, and RTI = 4.71 years)
During 2007, 109 specimens of different feeds and their components, were bacteriologically, mycologically (on a number of the mildews) and mycotoxicologically examined. The examined specimens were from the Braničevo and Podunavski region in Serbia. For the interpretation of our examination results "Regulation of maximal quantity of harmful substances and components in the feed" (Governmental newspaper of SFRY, no. 2/90 and 27/90, paragraphs: 8, 9 and 11) was used. The correlations between the numbers of mildews and the concentrations of mycotoxins in the specimens also examined. The established number of bacteria and mildew was in the permitted level in all examined specimens. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated neither in one specimen. In 40 specimens presence and concentrations of Ochratoxin A, total Aflatoxin, Zearalenon and T-2 toxin were examined. Ochratoxin was established in 4 specimens (4%), total Aflatoxin in 27 specimens (67.5%), Zearalenon in 38 specimens (95%) and T-2 toxin in all examined specimens (100%). In most of the examined specimens two, three or all four mycotoxins were presented. Concentrations of mycotoxines were in permitted levels, except concentration of Zearalenon in one specimen. Coefficients of linear correlations between numbers of mildews and concentrations of mycotoxins in specimens were very low.
Ovine brucellosis can cause epididymitis and reduce fertility in rams and therefore is an important disease in sheep and rams from economic point of view. Sometimes it causes abortions and increased perinatal mortality in sheep as well, but it primarily affects male animals. Brucella ovis was first identified in northern region of Serbia, in 2008-2009 during a research study. Specific antibodies against Brucella ovis were detected in the sheep that originated from Becej and Titel municipalities in the South Bačka district. The prevalence was low, only 0.89%. For the purpose of this study, a total number of 6,407 serum samples from rams and sheep were used. All of the samples were from the northern part of Serbia, belonging to South Bačka and Srem districts. Serological test was performed in order to determine the presence of specific antibodies against Brucella ovis in rams and sheep, by ELISA test (indirect ELISA - iELISA). The prevalence varied from 0% - 19.3% during the years. If we look into the municipalities of South Bačka and Srem district, we can see that the numbers of positive samples are different, and the number of analyzed samples varies. The overall seroprevalence from 2014-2018 in South Bačka and Srem district is 6.15%, but it varies significantly among different municipalities from 0 to 26%. The majority of analyzed sample were from rams and all of the positive findings are in rams. Only a small number of sheep (female) has been examined so far, so the prevalence among females is still unknown.
The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDv) is widespread in poultry flocks all around the world. Various biotypes have emerged and because of that, adequate management practices and vaccination of chicks are of paramount importance for the protection against field strains. One day old Lohmann Brown chicks were vaccinated with intermediate vaccines and the recombinant VAXXITEK HVT-IBDv vaccine formulation, and challenged at 48 days of life with the very virulent IBDv (vvIBDv) strain CH/99. The best protection (100%) was achieved with the recombinant vaccine administered by the subcutaneous or intramuscular route at a day old, while intermediate and intermediate plus vaccines protected 80% of birds from clinical symptoms. The highest bursa body ratio (5.33, 3.50 and 4.12) was accomplished in non- vaccinated and non-challenged birds and birds vaccinated with the VAXXITEK HVT-IBDv vaccine. The recombinant VAXXITEK HVT-IBDv vaccine has provided protection for commercial chicks against challenge with the vvIBDv strain in this experiment. Under field conditions, additional vaccination is possibly needed with supplementary application of live attenuated vaccines. However, the recombinant vector vaccines are providing significant aid against clinical signs and immunosupression caused by the vvIBDv.
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