Patterns of ASFV Transmission in Domestic Pigs in Serbia

Glišić, Dimitrije; Milićević, Vesna; Veljović, Ljubiša; Milovanović, Bojan; Kureljušić, Branislav; Đorđević, Igor; Anđelković, Katarina; Petković, Jelena; Dačić, Miroljub

doi:10.3390/pathogens12010149

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It is also important to critically and thoroughly evaluate the link between wild and domestic pigs; in Europe, most outbreaks are reported in wild boars, which may pose a direct or indirect risk for disease transmission to domestic pigs by pig handlers [ 25 ]. Similar cases have already occurred in some European countries, e.g., in Romania (epidemiological assessment of the outbreak stated that wild boar were most likely associated with transmission to domestic pigs) [ 26 ], Bulgaria (the possibility of transmission by wild boar was considered low to moderate) [ 27 ], and Serbia (transmission by wild and domestic pigs was considered very unlikely in a particular case report) [ 28 ], to name the countries closest to Slovenia that reported outbreaks in domestic pigs. Pig farming in these areas still consists of mostly small backyard farms with almost no biosecurity measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evaluation of Biosecurity Measures in Pig Holdings in Slovenia as a Risk Assessment for the Introduction of African Swine Fever Virus

et al. 2023

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African Swine Fever (ASF) is persistently spreading and hindering pork production in Europe. Slovenia is one of the last countries in Central Europe without a confirmed ASF case in domestic pigs or in wild boar. The aim of this study was to assess the current biosecurity implementation on different types of pig farms. Internal and external biosecurity status was determined in 17 commercial (CF), 15 non-commercial (NC), and 15 outdoor (O) farms. Data were collected using the Biocheck.UGent questionnaire and assessed in combination with the latest information on the wild boar population in Slovenia. Biosecurity was compared between farm types based on the assessment of 12 subcategories. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in six subcategories: (i) purchase of pigs and semen, (ii) visitors and farmworkers, (iii) vermin and bird control, (iv) finishing unit, (v) measures between compartments and use of equipment, and (vi) cleaning and disinfection. The highest total biosecurity score (0–100%) was determined on CF with 64.59 ± 16.47%, followed by NC with 55.73 ± 10.67%, and O with 48.47 ± 8.20%. The density of the wild boar population was estimated from the number of wild boars per km2 per year, with 3 or more hunted wild boars per unit representing the highest density. Geolocation of farms on the wild boar population map showed that two O farms are at high risk and seven farms (1 O, 5 NC, and 1 CF) are at medium risk for disease transmission from wild to domestic pigs. Biosecurity measures must be tightened in some subcategories, especially in areas with a high density of wild boar.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evaluation of Biosecurity Measures in Pig Holdings in Slovenia as a Risk Assessment for the Introduction of African Swine Fever Virus

et al. 2023

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“…For the ASFV genome detection, real-time PCR was carried out as a 25 µL reaction using primers described by King et al (2003) [24]. The molecular assays were performed in the NRL according to the protocols described by Glisic et al [25].…”

Section: Epizootiological Data Postmortem Assessment Sample Collectio...mentioning

confidence: 99%

African Swine Fever Outbreak in an Enclosed Wild Boar Hunting Ground in Serbia

et al. 2023

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African swine fever (ASF) has been detected in many European countries since its introduction in Georgia in 2007. Serbia suffered its first case of ASF in the domestic pig population in 2019. At the beginning of 2020, ASF was detected in wild boars in open hunting grounds in the southeastern region of the country in districts along the country’s borders with Romania and Bulgaria. Since then, all ASF outbreaks in wild boar were clustered in the population located in the same bordering areas. Despite the newly implemented biosecurity protocols for hunters in 2019, ASF was detected for the first time in June 2021 in the wild boar population located in an enclosed hunting ground in the northeast region of the country. In this study, we reported the first ASF outbreak in a wild boar population located in an enclosed hunting ground in close proximity to the Serbian–Romanian border. The epizootiological data on the field investigation of the ASF outbreak, with descriptions of the clinical signs and gross pathological lesions detected, including the total number as well as the estimated age, sex, and postmortem interval, were analyzed. Clinical signs were detected only in nine diseased wild boars, while in total, 149 carcasses were found in the open and enclosed part of the hunting ground. In addition, 99 carcasses from which samples (parts of spleen or long bones) were collected for molecular diagnostics (RT-PCR) were confirmed as ASF-positive. The results of the epidemiological investigations indicate the central role of wild boar movements as well as the constant risk of human-related activities in the countries bordering the area.

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“…Their main characteristics are low biosecurity, swill feeding, natural breeding and uncontrolled trade. Thus, since the health status of backyard farms is unknown, they are considered a high-risk infection source for commercial farms [6,7]. Furthermore, the country's disease status can be compromised since disease control is hardly achievable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Viral Enzootic Diseases in Swine Backyard Farms in Serbia

Milićević,

Glišić,

Sapundžić

et al. 2023

Animals

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Contrary to pig farming in developed Western countries, in a large part of the world, pigs are still traditionally kept in small backyard farms, usually for family needs. Their main characteristics are low biosecurity, swill feeding, natural breeding and uncontrolled trade. Given the high number of backyard farms in Serbia and the risk they are thought to pose to intensive pig farming, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of major viral diseases of swine among traditionally kept pigs in small holdings with low biosecurity. For this investigation, 222 serum samples from 69 backyard holdings were randomly selected and tested for antibodies to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV), Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Swine influenza Virus (SIV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The herd-level seroprevalence of PRRS, Aujeszky’s disease and PPV was 2.9%, 27.5% and 37.7%, respectively. Swine influenza seroconversion was not confirmed in any of the tested holdings. Despite widely distributed PPV and AD in backyard farms in Serbia, almost 50% of them are still negative for all the tested diseases. The backyard farms must be monitored, and owners must be educated as their role in eradication programs and obtaining country-free status may be crucial.

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Patterns of ASFV Transmission in Domestic Pigs in Serbia

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

Evaluation of Biosecurity Measures in Pig Holdings in Slovenia as a Risk Assessment for the Introduction of African Swine Fever Virus

Evaluation of Biosecurity Measures in Pig Holdings in Slovenia as a Risk Assessment for the Introduction of African Swine Fever Virus

African Swine Fever Outbreak in an Enclosed Wild Boar Hunting Ground in Serbia

Seroprevalence of Viral Enzootic Diseases in Swine Backyard Farms in Serbia

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