Herbal products such as essential oils may play a promising role in the treatment of infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro potential of 11 essential oils (EOs) and one binary combination of isolated EO compounds, as well as the in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of two EO formulations. Four GIN genera were identified in the coproculture examination: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia and Chabertia. The in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) was performed at six different concentrations (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195 and 0.049 mg/mL) for each EO, whereas in the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), each EO sample was diluted in sunflower oil and orally administrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg to the different group of animals. In the EHT, the EOs of Origanum vulgare, Foeniculum vulgare, Satureja montana, Satureja hortensis and two types of Thymus vulgaris were the most effective. The dominant compounds of these EOs were carvacrol, thymol, anethol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene, indicating their importance for the anthelmintic activity. In the FECRT, both T. vulgaris EO type 1 and linalool:estragole combination show an anthelmintic potential with a mean effect on FECR of approximately 25%. The results suggest the possible role of tested EOs as anthelmintic agents in sheep farms, although further in vivo tests are needed.

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Abstract:Respiratory diseases are one of the most important problem in modern, intensive swine production, in the world but also in our country. Intensifying pig production increases frequency and economic importance of this disease, regardless to the measures for its control. Great economic losses are expressed through direct losses due to death and compulsory slaughter, reduced daily gain, a larger feed intake for averige daily gain, prolonged time of fattening, enlarged costs of treatment and a high percentage of light pigs in abattoirs.As a material for research we used the parts of respiratory organs (the lungs and mediastinal lymphonodes) deriving from 125 pigs in total. The evaluation included animals from: 11 industrial swine farms, four mediumsized swine farms, and swine deriving from 17 individual (private) backyards. Bacterial isolation was carried out by aerobic, anaerobic and microaerophyl microorganism cultivation. The identification included determination of their phisiological properties by biochemical characteristics. From the examined samples of respiratory organs, the most frequently were isolated Pasteurella sp. (26.57%), E. coli (26.57%), Streptococcus sp. (16.7%), Staphylococcus sp. (5.59%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.90%). The solitary infective agens from total 72 examined samples was isolated (57.60%), while in 53 examined samples (42.4%) the presence of mixed infection was detected.

Rabies is one of the oldest known zoonotic diseases that has significant impact on public health, but still remains neglected in Serbia. Rabies virus can infect humans and other mammals and causes inflammation of the brain associated with encephalomyelitis and neurological symptoms. In 2010, Veterinary Directorate (national Competent Authority for animal health in Serbia) has started multi-annual project of oral rabies vaccination of foxes and other wild carnivores (e.g. jackals), as support of long-term programme of eradication of rabies in Serbia, co-funded by EU (financed by Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance). Monitoring of the effectiveness of oral vaccination campaigns has been carried out in continuation from 2011 and was based on: (i) post-mortem laboratory examination of brain tissue of target animals (foxes, jackals and other carnivores) by fluorescent antibody test (FAT), (ii) detection of antibodies against rabies virus in serum samples by ELISA and (iii) detection of tetracycline biomarker in the mandibles for the evaluation of vaccine bait uptake. From September 2011 to May 2014, the total number of 4943 brain tissue samples, 4241 sera and 4971 mandibles were analysed. Confirmed rabies-positive brains decreased from 10 in 2011/2012 to 6 in 2012/2013 and eventually to 1 positive case in 2013/2014. The seroconversion rate increased from 10.48% (133/1269) in 2011/2012 to 20.11% (362/1800) in 2012/2013 and 42.23% (495/1172) in 2013/2014. Along with the seroconversion, the number of detected tetracycline-positive mandibles demonstrated an increasing tendency in the same period, being 49.67% (682/1373) in 2011/2012, 62.60% (1294/2067) in 2012/2013 and 90.33% (1383/1531) in the monitoring programme carried out in 2013/2014. Presented results confirmed that ORV of foxes and other wildlife in Serbia against rabies was successful and characterized by steady increase of vaccine baits uptake and immunization of animals.

Aujeszky′s disease (MA) is an infectious viral disease, caused by suid alpha herpes virus 1, which displays a very broad host range, except humans and primates. Pigs are the only animal species that can survive the infection with the MA virus, which accounts for its ability to be latently infected. Although pigs are considered a natural host and the main reservoar of the virus, the spreading and transmission mechanism cannot be always detected. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the routes of transmission and spread of MA virus in the swine population with different immunological stutus i.e. depending on the vaccinal status. The material for this research consisted of the samples from four swine farms, with health disorders i.e. clinical signs suggesting MA disease. The applied research methods included: epidemiological and clinical evaluation, pathomorphological examination, virology testing of tissues originating from the dead animals and serological testing in order to evaluate the specific antibodies against MA. The obtained results indicate that purchasing breeding animals with different or unknown health status regarding MA, represents the main route of transmission and spreading of the infection. Besides vaccination, which represents one of the measure in MA eradication, it is necessary to apply strict trade control and checking the health status of herds from where breeding animals are purchased.