Herbal products such as essential oils may play a promising role in the treatment of infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro potential of 11 essential oils (EOs) and one binary combination of isolated EO compounds, as well as the in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of two EO formulations. Four GIN genera were identified in the coproculture examination: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia and Chabertia. The in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) was performed at six different concentrations (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195 and 0.049 mg/mL) for each EO, whereas in the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), each EO sample was diluted in sunflower oil and orally administrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg to the different group of animals. In the EHT, the EOs of Origanum vulgare, Foeniculum vulgare, Satureja montana, Satureja hortensis and two types of Thymus vulgaris were the most effective. The dominant compounds of these EOs were carvacrol, thymol, anethol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene, indicating their importance for the anthelmintic activity. In the FECRT, both T. vulgaris EO type 1 and linalool:estragole combination show an anthelmintic potential with a mean effect on FECR of approximately 25%. The results suggest the possible role of tested EOs as anthelmintic agents in sheep farms, although further in vivo tests are needed.
The development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) requires novel strategies for the sustainable control of these parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of the Origanum vulgare (L.) essential oil (EO) against sheep GINs and to evaluate the possibility of its use in control practice. The in vitro egg hatch test was conducted at eight different concentrations (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195, 0.049, 0.025, and 0.0125 mg/mL) of the tested EO. For the in vivo fecal egg count reduction test, the EO of O. vulgare was administrated orally at a mean single dose of 150 mg/kg to sheep from two farms in Southern Italy, whereby potential toxic effects to the hosts were also evaluated. In the egg hatch test, the inhibition of egg hatchability varied from 71.3% to 93.7%, depending on the concentration used. The high anthelmintic potential was confirmed in the fecal egg count reduction test with an average reduction of nematode eggs in feces of 43.2% and 60.1% on days 7 and 14 after treatment, respectively. In addition, no toxic effects were noticed during the clinical examination of sheep or by observing blood count and liver or kidney function test results. The obtained results suggest the strong activity of the O. vulgare EO against sheep GINs, probably due to a high percentage of carvacrol (76.21%), whereby it can be considered safe for sheep at the dose tested in vivo. Therefore, it is suitable for use in veterinary practice as a part of an integrated strategy for the control of sheep GINs.
The economic losses caused by gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants are increasing today due to the development of anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, researchers from different parts of the world are searching for new, alternative strategies to control these parasites. As a valuable natural resource, medicinal plants and their products have emerged as a viable option. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro ovicidal activity of two chemotypes of the yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) essential oil against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. For this purpose, nematode eggs were collected from naturally infected sheep of two farms located in Southern Italy to perform the egg hatch test. In both farms, the coproculture examination identified the presence of four genera of sheep GINs: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia and Chabertia. Main components of the yarrow essential oil identified by GC-MS analysis were 1,8-cineole (41.69%), camphor (8.37%) and trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (4.90) for the type 1 and β-pinene (28.53%), β-caryophyllene (18.71%) and 1,8-cineole (11.69%) for the type 2. In vitro ovicidal activity was evaluated at six different concentrations (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195 and 0.049 mg/mL), whereby the inhibitory effect of the essential oil (Achillea millefolium L.) on egg hatchability varied from 46.5-99.5% (type 1) and 69.6-97.25% (type 2) and all concentrations tested showed a significantly higher efficacy compared to the negative control (p<0.0001). Furthermore, the inhibitory effect on egg hatching was similar (p>0.05) to the positive control (98.0%) at concentrations of 50 mg/mL (99.5%), 12.5 mg/mL (98.0%) and 3.125 (95.25%) of the type 1, and at concentrations of 50 mg/mL (97.25%) and 12.5 mg/mL (90.0%) of the type 2. The obtained results suggested that the A. millefolium essential oil has high anthelmintic potential, especially azulene-free chemotype rich in 1,8-cineole and camphor, which requires confirmation in further in vivo studies.
Previous experimental models on cows have examined the difference in the metabolic adaptation in cows after niacin administration, without identifying the most important mediators between niacin administration and its biological effects, namely active forms of niacin. All tissues in the body convert absorbed niacin into its main metabolically active form, the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of niacin administration in periparturient period on NAD, NADP and the NAD:NADP ratio and to determine relationship between these indicators of an active form of niacin with metabolic parameters in cow blood. The study included 90 healthy cows: 45 cows receiving niacin and 45 cows were negative control. The niacin group was treated with nicotinic acid for two weeks before, as well as two weeks after parturition. Nicotinic acid was applied per os with feed. In cows receiving niacin, there was a significantly higher concentration of NAD and NADP, but the NAD:NADP ratio did not differ compared with control. All three indicators were able to separate cows who received and who did not receive additional niacin. NAD and NADP are good indicators of the availability of niacin from additional sources. The NAD:NADP ratio is a good indicator of the biological effect of applied niacin on metabolites in cows due to its correlation with a number of metabolites: positive correlation with glucose, insulin, glucose to insulin ratio and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKIBHB) of insulin resistance, triglycerides and cholesterol, and a negative correlation with nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), gamma-glutamyltranspherase (GGT) and urea in cows receiving niacin. The same amount of added niacin in feed can produce different concentrations of NAD, NADP and NAD:NADP in the blood, and this was not related to their concentration before the addition of niacin. The change in the concentration of the active form of niacin (NAD, NADP and NAD:NADP) further correlates with the concentration of metabolic parameters, which indicates that the intensity of the biological effect of additional niacin can be accurately determined only if we know the concentrations of its active forms in blood. Under basal conditions (without additional niacin), active forms of niacin that already exist in the blood do not show significant correlations with metabolic parameters.
Razvoj antihelmintičke rezistencije kod gastrointestinalnih nematoda ovaca na komercijalne antihelmintike je doveo do ogromnih ekonomskih gubitaka u mnogim delovima sveta. Zbog toga se aktivno traga za novim održivim strategijama za kontrolu ovih parazita, koje uključuju i primenu različitih alternativa poput biljnih etarskih ulja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se odredi hemijski sastav etarskog ulja korijandera (Coriandrum sativum L.) i da se ispita njegov antihelmintički potencijal protiv gastrointestinalnih nematoda ovaca. Kvalitativna i semikvantitativna hemijska karakterizacija etarskog ulja izvršena je primenom gasne hromatografije kuplovane sa masenospektrometrijskom detekcijom (GC-MS analize). Antihelmintički potencijal etarskog ulja je ispitan pomoću in vitro testa izleganja larvi (EHT), koji je sproveden sa osam različitih koncentracija ispitanog ulja (50; 12,5; 3,125; 0,781; 0,195; 0,049; 0,025 i 0,0125 mg/mL). Pri tome je za pozitivnu kontrolu korišćen tiabendazol u koncentracijama 0,025 i 0,0125 mg/mL, a za negativnu emulgator 3% Tween 80 v/v i destilovana voda. GC-MS analizama je otkriven bogat hemijski sastav ispitanog ulja, pri čemu je pronađeno ukupno 17 različitih sastojaka iz različitih hemijskih grupa, od čega je 15 identifikovano. Dominantan sastojak je bio linalool (84,5%) uz γ-terpinen (5,04%), kamfor (3,26%) i α-pinen (2,88%). Rezultati EHT su pokazali visokantihelmintički potencijal ulja korijandera sa inhibicijom izleganja larvi odnosno ovicidnim efektom od 29,0-88,7% u zavisnosti od koncentracije, uz dobijenu IC50 koncentraciju od 0,04 mg/mL i jasan dozno-zavisni efekat (R2=0,90). Ova studija je potvrdila mogući značaj botaničkih antihelmintika u održivoj kontroli nematoda kod životinja i borbi protiv antihelmintičke rezistencije. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na moguću ulogu korijandera u budućim terapijskim pristupima infekcijama izazvanih gastrointestinalnim nematoda ovaca, nakon daljih in vivo ispitivanja i studija toksičnosti.
The development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes to commercial anthelmintics has led to enormous economic losses in many parts of the world. For this reason, new sustainable strategies for the control of these parasites are being actively searched, which include the use of different alternatives such as plant essential oils. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and to test its anthelmintic potential against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Qualitative and semi-quantitative chemical characterization of the essential oil was performed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS analysis). The anthelmintic potential of the essential oil was tested using the in vitro egg hatching test (EHT), which was carried out with eight different concentrations of the tested oil (50; 12.5; 3.125; 0.781; 0.195; 0.049; 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/mL). Thiabendazole in concentrations of 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/mL was used as the positive control, and the emulsifier 3% Tween 80 v/v and distilled water was used as the negative control. GC-MS analyzes revealed a rich chemical composition of the tested oil, where a total of 17 different ingredients from different chemical groups were found, of which 15 were identified. The dominant ingredient was linalool (84.5%) along with γ-terpinene (5.04%),camphor (3.26%) and α-pinene (2.88%). The EHT results showed a high anthelmintic potential of coriander oil with inhibition of larval hatching, i.e. an ovicidal effect of 29.0-88.7% depending on the concentration, with an IC50 concentration of 0.04 mg/mL and a clear dose-dependent effect (R2= 0.90). This study confirmed the possible importance of botanical anthelmintics in the sustainable control of nematodes in animals and the fight against anthelmintic resistance. The obtained results indicate a possible role of coriander in future therapeutic approaches to infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, after further in vivo tests and toxicity studies.
Essential oils have numerous medicinal properties which include antiseptic, antiinflammatory, anticancer but also antiviral, antimicrobial and antiparasitic effects. Although researches have highlighted different possible application of these oils, little is known about their use in animals including dogs and cats. Specifically, essential oils showed effects against various bacterial (Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp.), fungal (Malassezia pachydermatis, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes), endoparasitic (Giardia duodenalis, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxocara canis) and ectoparasitic (Otodectes cynotis, Demodex canis, Ctenocephalides felis, some ticks etc) pathogens in dogs and cats. In addition, essential oils exhibit numerous positive properties such as complex chemical composition (high efficacy, less susceptibility to resistance), their natural origin etc. Therefore, certain essential oils based formulations are already in use, such as different shampoos. However, the main limitation for the use of these plant products is the insufficiently tested safety of use. Thus, some essential oils are considered toxic to pets, especially when used on cats. The main reason for this is most likely the deficiency of some liver enzymes that are involved in metabolic processes (as UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in cats), which leads to the accumulation of some active ingredients in the organism and their toxicity. Therefore, caution and rational application are needed in terms of adequate selection of plant species, dosage, concentration and the methods of use. In addition, since essential oils are prone to evaporation and instability, the encapsulation technique can further increase their in vivo efficacy as well as enable controlled release. That can reduce the required dose and additionally increase safety of their application.
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