Fluid inclusions in crack-seal veins are analyzed in accreted mélange now on land. The vein I inclusions are observed in the necked parts of sandstone blocks in mélange, and the vein II inclusions developed in shale below the thrust fault, which cuts the mélanges. The pressure and temperature estimations from the inclusions within vein I show that the cracks were sealed at ϳ125-195 ؇C under ϳ92-144 MPa of fluid pressure. Vein II formed in cracks that might have opened in a damage zone caused by the thrust fault as it broke through oceanic crust and into the mélange; these veins contain fluid inclusions trapped at ϳ135-245 ؇C under ϳ107-149 MPa of fluid pressure. The depth (ϳ4-6 km below the seafloor) and temperature estimates are consistent with the conditions where an aseismic décollement within sedimentary rocks steps down into the oceanic basement, so that a thin section of oceanic crust underplates in the hanging wall. Such a step-down site is the updip limit of the seismogenic zone in the modern Nankai Trough.
Background
In order to tackle the COVID‐19 pandemic, a COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) procurement program was initiated in Japan in April 2020. The program was a collaboration between a government‐managed national hospital, an infectious disease research institute, and a blood banking organization. Each party assumed different responsibilities: recruitment, SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody profiling, and plasmapheresis; conduction of screening tests; and SARS‐CoV‐2 blood testing, respectively.
Methods
We adopted a two‐point screening approach before the collected CCP was labeled as a CCP product for investigational use, for which we mainly tested anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody eligibility and blood product eligibility. Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein titer was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and the IC
50
value was denoted as the neutralizing activity. Blood donor eligibility was extended beyond the normal blood donation guidelines to include a broader range of participants. After both eligibility criteria were confirmed, participants were asked to revisit the hospital for blood donation, which is a unique aspect of the Japanese CCP program, as most donations are taking place in normal blood donation venues in other countries. Some donors were re‐scheduled for repeat plasma donations. As public interest in anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies increased, test results were given to the participants.
Results
As of September 17, 2020, our collection of CCP products was sufficient to treat more than 100 patients. As a result, projects for administration and distribution are also being conducted.
Conclusions
We successfully implemented a CCP procurement scheme with the goal to expand to other parts of the country to improve treatment options for COVID‐19.
Those data strongly suggest that eperisone may be metabolized to HMO by CYP1A in rat intestinal microsomes during the first-pass through the epithelium of the small intestine.
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