With the continuing advancements in technologies (such as machine to machine, wireless telecommunications, artificial intelligence, and big data analysis), the Internet of Things (IoT) aims to connect everything for information sharing and intelligent decision-making. Swarm intelligence (SI) provides the possibility of SI behavior through collaboration in individuals that have limited or no intelligence. Its potential parallelism and distribution characteristics can be used to realize global optimization and solve nonlinear complex problems. This paper reviews representative SI algorithms and summarizes their applications in the IoT. The main focus consists in the analysis of SI-enabled applications to wireless sensor network (WSN) and discussion of related research problems in the WSN. Also, we concluded SI-based applications in other IoT fields, such as SI in UAV-aided wireless network. Finally, possible research prospects and future trends are drawn.
Geothermal energy will become an important part of energy in the future because of its advantages in source stability, sustainability, and potential high utilization ratio. In particular, the development and utilization of deep geothermal energy from HDR have gradually attracted people’s attention. Aiming at solution to the bottleneck of EGS-D, a new EGS-E based on excavation technology is proposed. In this paper, a concise and direct method for estimating the early performance of this disruptive and innovative geothermal development scheme is established as a viable alternative to supercomputing for the subsequent quantitative research of the corresponding relationship between a typical deep engineering structure and its heat extraction efficiency. Firstly, the effects of the fixed temperature at a tunnel wall, the radius of a tunnel, and the rock type on the annual heat extraction rate of the tunnel are studied based on the analytical solution of a one-dimensional radial plane problem of the transient heat conduction through high-temperature surrounding rock to the tunnel wall covering 30 years. Then, three different estimation methods of EGS-E efficiency with comb-shaped and chessboard-shaped underground tunnels, respectively, are studied, and the research ideas for the estimation of the EGS-E system with more complicated cobweb-shaped tunnels are pointed out.
This paper firstly introduces the important position of western mineral resources in China and the important role of mining development for economic development in western region and China, and then lists the ecological environment impact caused by mining action and analyzes the necessity of ecological compensation mechanism. Finally it discusses the key issues about ecological compensation policy, and presents some relevant recommendations about construction of eco-compensation mechanism.
Flow units are divided into E,G and P types for the Lower S2reservoir of Wen-X fault block in the Wenliu Oilfield, which are identificated based on six parameters including porosity, permeability, sandstone thickness, effective thickness, formation conductivity and flow index. A 3-D model for the flow units is established by sequential gaussian stochastic simulation approach. It is believed that type- E flow units are well exploited, with the distribution of the remaining oils related to fault as a barrier;type-G flow units are less exploited, with enrichment of remaining oil, due to the influence of interlayer or lateral heterogeneity;and type-P flow units are difficult to be exploited because of the poor percolation and a lower reserves abundance
In order to diagnose the disease degree of operation tunnels and to estimate tunnel's security condition, this paper analyzes the causes of bugs existing behind the tunnel lining, expounds the theory and method of making non-destructive test on tunnel lining quality by using Geological Radar. By processing and analyzing field data, the following functions can be performed, such as detecting the thickness of concrete lining accurately, determining the distribution position and quantities of rebar and grid steel, searching existed cavity and uncompacted area behind the lining especially lining arch top. We also apply the method of morphology to the extraction of liner image feature. We get the liner boundary line and waterlogging area more intuitively by wavelet analysis, and find the anomalous point in the liner. It has been proved that Geologic Radar is a feasible method to inspect the structure of tunnel concrete lining. A dopting hole-drilling method to make verifications with detecting results of geological radar, the results of the two kinds of methods have not big difference.
GPR is used to detect rock surrounding the hand-dug pile foundations of a bridge for the highway surrounding Fuzhou, capital of Fujian Province, so as to evaluate the rock the stabilities of the rocks on the outer side of the file foundations and at the base of the file foundations and thickness of overburden over the base rocks. In this paper, some parameters are selected for detection, such as antenna of center frequency 100 MHz, data acquisition time window of 500ns , offset distance of 1 m,which can meet the effective detection range (depth) of 20 m or more . Annular cross-section method is used at the bottom of Piles , and vertical cross-section method is used on the side of piles. The results show that GPR records can provide a number of clear and accurate information such as the rock cliff boundaries of pile lateral wall , the internal structure at the bottom of pile and pile lateral wall.
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