With the continuing advancements in technologies (such as machine to machine, wireless telecommunications, artificial intelligence, and big data analysis), the Internet of Things (IoT) aims to connect everything for information sharing and intelligent decision-making. Swarm intelligence (SI) provides the possibility of SI behavior through collaboration in individuals that have limited or no intelligence. Its potential parallelism and distribution characteristics can be used to realize global optimization and solve nonlinear complex problems. This paper reviews representative SI algorithms and summarizes their applications in the IoT. The main focus consists in the analysis of SI-enabled applications to wireless sensor network (WSN) and discussion of related research problems in the WSN. Also, we concluded SI-based applications in other IoT fields, such as SI in UAV-aided wireless network. Finally, possible research prospects and future trends are drawn.
Geothermal energy will become an important part of energy in the future because of its advantages in source stability, sustainability, and potential high utilization ratio. In particular, the development and utilization of deep geothermal energy from HDR have gradually attracted people’s attention. Aiming at solution to the bottleneck of EGS-D, a new EGS-E based on excavation technology is proposed. In this paper, a concise and direct method for estimating the early performance of this disruptive and innovative geothermal development scheme is established as a viable alternative to supercomputing for the subsequent quantitative research of the corresponding relationship between a typical deep engineering structure and its heat extraction efficiency. Firstly, the effects of the fixed temperature at a tunnel wall, the radius of a tunnel, and the rock type on the annual heat extraction rate of the tunnel are studied based on the analytical solution of a one-dimensional radial plane problem of the transient heat conduction through high-temperature surrounding rock to the tunnel wall covering 30 years. Then, three different estimation methods of EGS-E efficiency with comb-shaped and chessboard-shaped underground tunnels, respectively, are studied, and the research ideas for the estimation of the EGS-E system with more complicated cobweb-shaped tunnels are pointed out.
This paper firstly introduces the important position of western mineral resources in China and the important role of mining development for economic development in western region and China, and then lists the ecological environment impact caused by mining action and analyzes the necessity of ecological compensation mechanism. Finally it discusses the key issues about ecological compensation policy, and presents some relevant recommendations about construction of eco-compensation mechanism.
Flow units are divided into E,G and P types for the Lower S2reservoir of Wen-X fault block in the Wenliu Oilfield, which are identificated based on six parameters including porosity, permeability, sandstone thickness, effective thickness, formation conductivity and flow index. A 3-D model for the flow units is established by sequential gaussian stochastic simulation approach. It is believed that type- E flow units are well exploited, with the distribution of the remaining oils related to fault as a barrier;type-G flow units are less exploited, with enrichment of remaining oil, due to the influence of interlayer or lateral heterogeneity;and type-P flow units are difficult to be exploited because of the poor percolation and a lower reserves abundance
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