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Antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extract of Alchemilla mollis was measured by its ability to scavenge the DPPH radical. The EtOAc fraction obtained after partition of the total extract was found to be the most active radical scavenger (IC 50 9.8 ± 1.8 μg/mL) and was subjected to fractionation by Sephadex LH-20 CC. Further purification by RP-18 CC led to the isolation of eight flavonoid glycosides: cisand trans-tiliroside (1 and 2), rhodiolgin (3), hyperoside (4), isoquercitrin (5), miquelianin (6), sinocrassoside D 2 (7), and gossypetin-3-O--D-galactopyranosyl-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8). It was found that 8 is a new compound and its antioxidant activity is also reported. Identification of the isolated compounds was carried out by spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis (1D and 2D NMR, UV and MS).

This work deals with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of alantolactone and isoalantolactone from the roots of Inula helenium L., a well-known medicinal plant. The effects of ethanol concentration, extraction time, temperature and number of extraction steps on the extraction yields of both sesquiterpene lactones were investigated. Gas chromatographic (GC) method was used for simultaneous determination of their contents in the corresponding extracts. A comparison with classical extraction methods [maceration, infusion and micro steam distillation-extraction (MSDE)] showed that the amounts of alantolactone and isoalantolactone achieved by UAE with 70 and 96% EtOH for 30 min at room temperature were higher or almost equal to those obtained by maceration for 24 hours.

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Chlorogenic (5-CQA), 1,5-, 3,5-, 4,5-and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic (DCQA) acids were identified and quantified in the methanol extracts of Inula oculus-christi L., I. bifrons L., I. aschersoniana JANKA var. aschersoniana, I. ensifolia L., I. conyza (GRIESS.) DC. and I. germanica L. by HPLC analysis. The amount of 5-CQA varied from 5.48 to 28.44 mg/g DE and the highest content was detected in I. ensifolia. 1,5-DCQA (4.05-55.25 mg/g DE) was the most abundant dicaffeoyl ester of quinic acid followed by 3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA and 3,4-DCQA. The extract of I. ensifolia showed the highest total phenolic content (119.92 � 0.95 mg GAE/g DE) and exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (69.41 � 0.55 %). I. bifrons extract was found to be the most active sample against ABTS * + (TEAC 0.257 � 0.012 mg/mL) and the best tyrosinase inhibitor. The studied extracts demonstrated a low inhibitory effect towards acetylcholinesterase and possessed low cytotoxicity in concentration range from 10 to 300 μg/mL toward non-cancer (MDCK II) and cancer (A 549) cells. Figure 2. HPLC chromatograms of the studied extracts and standard mixture.[a] Results are presented as mean � SD from three replicates (n = 3). Means in the columns with the same letter are not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05) (t-test).

The composition of essential oils o f three .Sidm.tisspecies was investigated by GC and GUMS. It was found that the oil of S. syriiaca L. contained a high percentage of myrccnc (50.50/), while sesquiterpenes dominated in the oils of S . scardica Griseb and S. moizluiza L. The major components in S. scardica o i l were P-caryophyllene (18.8%) and nerolidol (12.10/), while germacrenc I) (41.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (10.9%) were the principal constituents of S. monkmu oil.

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