Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes have a major global impact through high disease prevalence, significant downstream pathophysiologic effects, and enormous financial liabilities. To mitigate this disease burden, interventions of proven effectiveness must be used. Evidence shows that nutrition therapy improves glycemic control and reduces the risks of diabetes and its complications. Accordingly, diabetes-specific nutrition therapy should be incorporated into comprehensive patient management programs. Evidence-based recommendations for healthy lifestyles that include healthy eating can be found in clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) from professional medical organizations. To enable broad implementation of these guidelines, recommendations must be reconstructed to account for cultural differences in lifestyle, food availability, and genetic factors. To begin, published CPGs and relevant medical literature were reviewed and evidence ratings applied according to established protocols for guidelines. From this information, an algorithm for the nutritional management of people with T2D and prediabetes was created. Subsequently, algorithm nodes were populated with transcultural attributes to guide decisions. The resultant transcultural diabetes-specific nutrition algorithm (tDNA) was simplified and optimized for global implementation and validation according to current standards for CPG development and cultural adaptation. Thus, the tDNA is a tool to facilitate the delivery of nutrition therapy to patients with T2D and prediabetes in a variety of cultures and geographic locations. It is anticipated that this novel approach can reduce the burden of diabetes, improve quality of life, and save lives. The specific Southeast Asian and Asian Indian tDNA versions can be found in companion articles in this issue of Current Diabetes Reports.

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Introduction: Nutritional disturbances in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are very common. Symptomatology and functionality in chronic diseases could be related with the nutrition. Malnutrition could aggravate the disease. Objectives: Therefore, the aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the profile of the patient with COPD and malnutrition, and 2) to determine the relationship between the nutritional status with functionality and symptomatology in COPD patients. Methods: An observational study was conducted in patients with severe COPD. The independence levels, quality of life was evaluated, comorbidities and anxiety and depression were evaluated. Respiratory function was assessed with spirometry, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1) was recorded, and Borg modified scale was used to determine de dyspnea perception. The Mini Nutritional Assessment questionnaire (MNA) evaluated the nutritional status. Finally, the simptomatology was assessed with Leicester Cough Questionnaire, and with London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale. Results: A sample of 154 subjects was included in this study, 98 of them were males. A group of 71 subjects showed malnutrition and a group of 83 patients a normal nutritional status. The comparison between the groups showed significant differences in the clinical characteristics (p < 0.05). The analysis showed significant differences in dyspnea (p = 0.043), and the subscales of functionality related to respiratory symptoms self-care (p = 0.040) and leisure (p = 0.019) and the total score (p = 0.031). The worst results were shown in the patients with malnutrition. Conclusion: Our investigation shows that patients with COPD and malnutrition have worse results in symptomatology and functionality than patients with COPD without malnutrition.

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A case-control study on gastric cancer was carried out between 1987 and 1989 in four regions of Spain. Three hundred and fifty-four cases of histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma were included (235 men and 119 women). For each case, a control was selected, matched by sex, age, and area of residence, from the same hospital as the case. No association was observed with smoking, nor with the consumption of coffee or tea. The usual consumption of alcohol was associated with gastric cancer in men (odds ratio = 1.54, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.03-2.31), but there was no dose-response relationship. No association was observed in women. All estimations were carried out taking into account the effect of the dietary factors associated with gastric cancer. In accordance with previous evidence, the association observed between gastric cancer and alcohol appears not to be causal.

NAL off-line protocol is useful for systematic set-up error correction and PTV margin reduction in conventional breast and head and neck irradiation.

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