Procedures are desrbed for measuring sucrose in plant extracts or freeze-dried tissue in the range between 10-7 and 10-14 moles. The method is based on the destruction of pre-exbiting glucose and fructose, followed by the hydrolysis of sucrose and reduction of NADP+

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We report the first gene-based linkage map of Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin) and its comparison to the partially sequenced genome of Medicago truncatula. The map comprises 382 loci in 20 major linkage groups, two triplets, three pairs and 11 unlinked loci and is 1,846 cM in length. The map was generated from the segregation of 163 RFLP markers, 135 gene-based PCR markers, 75 AFLP and 4 AFLP-derived SCAR markers in a mapping population of 93 recombinant inbred lines, derived from a cross between domesticated and wild-type parents. This enabled the mapping of five major genes controlling key domestication traits in L. angustifolius. Using marker sequence data, the L. angustifolius genetic map was compared to the partially completed M. truncatula genome sequence. We found evidence of conserved synteny in some regions of the genome despite the wide evolutionary distance between these legume species. We also found new evidence of widespread duplication within the L. angustifolius genome.

Background and Purpose-The characteristics of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may vary by ICH location because of differences in the distribution of underlying cerebral small vessel diseases. Therefore, we investigated the incidence, characteristics, and outcome of lobar and nonlobar ICH. Methods-In a population-based, prospective inception cohort study of ICH, we used multiple overlapping sources of case ascertainment and follow-up to identify and validate ICH diagnoses in 2010 to 2011 in an adult population of 695 335. Results-There were 128 participants with first-ever primary ICH. The overall incidence of lobar ICH was similar to nonlobar ICH (9.

We studied the expression of the auxin responsive promoter (GH3) fused to the gusA reporter gene in white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa) during the initiation of root galls by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) to investigate whether nematode infection affects auxin distribution in developing galls. In search for a plant signal that would mediate changes in auxin location we studied the induction of the flavonoid pathway because flavonoids can act as auxin transport regulators. Three chalcone synthase (CHS1, CHS2 and CHS3) promoter:gusA fusions were examined in transgenic plants and flavonoids were detected using fluorescence microscopy. Within 24 h post inoculation CHS:gusA expression occurred around the invading nematode. At 48 h post inoculation CHS:gusA expression and flavonoids were detected throughout the infection site, followed by high GH3:gusA expression in the gall 48–72 h post inoculation. Initially (48–72 h post inoculation) high GH3:gusA expression in giant cell precursors was followed by low expression in the enlarging giant cells (96–120 h post inoculation), suggesting that auxin is needed as a trigger for giant cell initiation but not for later enlargement. We suggest that nematodes control auxin distribution in the root and that flavonoids could be responsible for controlling auxin accumulation.

Accepted ManuscriptThis is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. hours in soaking solutions containing 10-50 mM octopamine, 0.1-1.0 mg/mL FITC, and 0.5-6 mM spermidine did not affect vitality. Spermidine phosphate salt hexahydrate rather than spermidine or spermidine trihydrochloride increased uptake of FITC by nematodes, and this resulted in more effective gene silencing. Silencing pat-10 and unc-87 genes of P. thornei and P. zeae resulted in paralysis and uncoordinated movements in both species, although to a higher degree in P. thornei.There was also a greater reduction in transcript of both genes in P. thornei indicating that it may be more susceptible to RNAi. For P. thornei treated with dsRNA of pat-10 and unc-87 there was a significant reduction (77-81%) in nematode reproduction on carrot mini discs over a 5 week period. The results show that RLNs are clearly amenable to gene silencing, and that in planta delivery of dsRNA to target genes in root lesion nematodes should confer host resistance.Moreover, for the two genes, dsRNA derived from either nematode species silenced the corresponding gene in both species. This implies cross-species control of nematodes via RNAi is possible.

Plants are constantly challenged by pathogens and pests, which can have a profound impact on the yield and quality of produce in agricultural systems. The vascular system of higher plants is critical for growth and for their ability to counteract changing external conditions, serving as a distribution network for water, nutrients, and photosynthates from the source organs to regions where they are in demand. Unfortunately, these features also make it an attractive target for pathogens and pests that demand access to a reliable supply of host resources. The vascular tissue of plants therefore often plays a central role in pathogen and parasite interactions. One of the more striking rearrangements of the host vascular system occurs during root-knot nematode infestation of plant roots. These sedentary endoparasites induce permanent feeding sites that are comprised of 'giant cells' and are subject to extensive changes in vascularization, resulting in the giant cells being encaged within a network of de novo formed xylem and phloem cells. Despite being considered critical to the function of the feeding site, the mechanisms underlying this vascularization have received surprisingly little attention when compared with the amount of research on giant cell development and function. An overview of the current knowledge on vascularization of root-knot nematode feeding sites is provided here and recent advances in our understanding of the transport mechanisms involved in nutrient delivery to these parasite-induced sinks are described.