The significant and positive correlation between vitamin D levels and VAS scores and the significant reduction in serum vitamin D levels of the dysmenorrhea patients designate the possible role of vitamin D deficiency in the primary dysmenorrhea.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16 (3), 923-926 IntroductionThe term preinvasive disease of the cervix (PCD) was first defined in 1947 (Pund, 1947). Despite the fact that epithelial changes give the appearance of invasive cancer on the cervix, lesions confined to the epithelium are to be noted in PCD. After PCD is defined, some studies have shown that if these lesions did not treat cervical dysplasia, it progresses to cervical cancer (Koss et al., 1963). Therefore, when the preinvasive lesions could be diagnosed before the stage of the invasive cervical cancer, this early detection allows easy treatment (Richart & Sciarra, 1968).Cervical cancer (CC) is still one of the most frequent malignancies in women worldwide (Siegel, Naishadham & Jemal, 2013). In CC, like the other cancers, the host response to malignant tumors comprises not only changes in the microenvironment, but also systemic alterations (Tavares-Murta et al., 2010). One of the important systemic alterations is inflammation. Inflammation is a nonspecific feature of cancer and plays an important role in various aspects of cancer involving cancer initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis and clinical features (Babu et al., 2012). Therefore, inflammatory markers were studied in various cancer types as indicators of invasion (Acmaz et al., 2014).The platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is an inflammatory marker and has been studied in uterine cancer and uterine cancer precursor lesions (Acmaz et al., 2014). The aim of

It is well-known that plasma L-carnitine concentrations are significantly decreased in obese individuals. A study showed that L-carnitine concentrations are significantly lower in lean PCOS patients than in lean healthy women. Thus, it has been suggested that lowered L-carnitine is associated with PCOS. This study also showed that the women with PCOS had significantly lower L-carnitine levels than those of the healthy controls. In addition, this study hypothesised that low L-carnitine levels in PCOS patients were associated with obesity and/or insulin resistance. Moreover, plasma L-carnitine concentrations were found to be statistically similar in PCOS patients and healthy controls, when controlled for obesity. This study implied that L-carnitine could be used as an adjunctive therapy in the management of insulin resistance or obesity in women who have PCOS. Further research might be planned to clarify the clinical effects of L-carnitine administration in PCOS patients with insulin resistance and/or obesity.

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Background: Various thrombocyte markers and white blood cell levels and their subtypes have recently been investigated in association with inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of mean platelet volume (MPV) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with disease activation and clinical para?meters in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: 84 RA patients and 60 healthy controls were included. Platelet, MPV, white cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte levels in full blood counts were investigated, and NLR was calculated. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), disease activation score (DAS 28) and a health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) were used in the evaluation of RA. Results: In the present study a total of 144 patients was enrolled, 84 with RA and 60 healthy individuals. 75.2% (n=108) were women and 24.8% (n=36) were men. The patients with RA had lower MPV than control individuals (MPV; 8.52?1.15 fL and 8.92?0.87 fL, respectively) and CRP (r:?0.234, p=0.005). RA patients? mean NLR was significantly higher than that of the control group (2.74?1.74 and 1.80?0.78, respectively; p<0.001). Furthermore, anti-CCP positive patients had higher NLR than anti-CCP negative patients (NLR; 2.51?1.92 and 1.95?1.22, p=0.019 respectively). NLR was positively correlated with ESR (r=0.190, p=0.023), CRP (r=0.230, p=0.035) and anti-CCP (r=0.300, p=0.005). Conclusion: In conclusion, MPV and NLR together with acute phase reactants can be a useful index for showing inflammation in RA patients.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the subjective and objective outcomes of the transobturator tape (TOT) procedure performed to treat stress urinary incontinence and to determine the efficacy and safety of the TOT procedure when used along with vaginal surgery. Methods: This is a prospective review of 24 women who had the TOT procedure done only due to stress incontinence; 22 women who underwent concomitant TOT and pelvic floor repair; and 20 women who received concurrent TOT, transvaginal hysterectomy, and sacrospinous ligament fixation. Results: When compared to the patients who had TOT with pelvic floor repair, the patients who underwent TOT with hysterectomy declared to have more dyspareunia (p = 0.008) and they were found to have significantly higher post-void residual volume (p = 0.014). When compared to the patients who had only TOT, the patients who underwent TOT with hysterectomy claimed to have more pelvic pain (p = 0.012) and significantly higher post-void residual volume (p = 0.020). Conclusion: The TOT procedure results in moderately high objective cure rates, and concurrent application of pelvic floor repair or transvaginal hysterectomy does not affect these rates. The relatively higher incidences for voiding problems and pelvic pain in women who underwent TOT, hysterectomy, and sacropinous fixation simultaneously suggest that the extent of surgery directly correlates with the severity of postoperative complications.

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The mini-sling procedure is a widely used, minimally invasive treatment for stress urinary incontinence. While bladder perforation and stone formation over the mesh is not an expected complication of the mini-sling procedure, in this case, we report on the management of bladder calculi formed over the mesh, which was passed through the bladder while applying the mini-sling procedure, and was eventually removed using holmium laser. Performing cystoscopy in patients with irritative and obstructive symptoms after the sling procedure will help confirm bladder perforation, and an endoscopic approach using holmium laser is an effective treatment. IntroductionStress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common health problem. Conservative techniques, as well as pharmacological and surgical approaches, are used in the treatment of SUI. 1The aim of surgery is to correct the deficient urethral closure and to prevent incontinence.Ulmsten et al described a minimally invasive technique, a tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for SUI, in 1996 and it has become the gold standard procedure.2 In 2001, Delorme et al described the transobturator tape implantation (TOT) method to avoid the risk of bladder and bowel perforation and major vascular injuries that can occur with TVT; 3 however, similar complications were observed.1 In 2006, a thirdgeneration of midurethral tapes -known as single-incision mini-slings -was introduced to reduce complications such as bladder perforation.1 The mini-sling procedure is a widely used, minimally invasive treatment for SUI; there are only a few reports on its complications. 4 Bladder perforation and stone formation over the mesh are not expected complications of mini-sling procedures. Further, the technique of removing an eroded tape from the bladder remains controversial. 6 In this case, we report on the management of bladder calculi formed over the mesh, which was passed through the bladder while applying the mini-sling procedure, and removed using holmium laser. Case reportA 46-year-old woman was admitted to our urology clinic for pelvic pain, dysuria, recurrent urinary tract infections, urinary frequency, and urgency. She had a history of stress urinary incontinence, which had been treated with a minisling procedure using a needleless device. The procedure had been performed at a different hospital four months prior and her complaints began after the procedure. Her urine examination demonstrated pyuria and microscopic hematuria. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli was detected in her urine culture and appropriate antibiotherapy was given. A 25 x 15 mm opacity at bony pelvis was observed on her plain X-ray radiography of the abdomen and a 3 x 2 cm bladder stone was seen on ultrasound (Fig. 1). With these findings, cystoscopy was performed under spinal anesthesia. A stone surrounding the polypropylene mesh at the right base of the bladder wall was observed. Stone over the mesh was fragmented using both holmium-YAG laser (Sphinx ® LISA laser, 80 W, 2120 nm, 0.5-4.5 J) an...