This study examines the effects of a 2.1-GHz WCDMA-modulated microwave (MW) radiation on apoptotic activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in MCF-7 cells. The cells were exposed to the MW at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.528 W/kg for 4 or 24 h. The antiproliferative effect of MW exposure was determined by the MTT test. Cytochrome-c and p53 levels were determined by an ELISA method. The relative ΔΨm was analysed by JC-1 staining using flow cytometer. Apoptotic rate of the cells was measured by Annexin-V-FITC staining. All assays were performed after certain time of incubations (15 min-4 h) following MW exposure. MW-exposed cells showed a significant decrease in viability when compared to unexposed cells. A significantly larger decrease was observed after longer exposure. The percentage of apoptotic cells, amount of cytochrome-c, and relative ΔΨm were significantly higher in MW-exposed cells. The percent of apoptotic cells and relative ΔΨm in 24 h MW-exposed group was significantly higher than those in 4 h MW-exposed group. However, no significant change was observed in p53 levels. These results demonstrated that exposure to 2.1-GHz WCDMA-modulated MW radiation caused hyperpolarization of mitochondria that in turn induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a cancer that occurs in sympathetic nervous system arising from neuroblasts and nerve tissue of the adrenal gland, neck, chest, or spinal cord. It is an embryonal malignancy and affects infants and children. In this study, we investigated the effects of microwave (MW) radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression in human SH-SY5Y NB cells which can give information about MW radiation effects on neural cells covering the period from the embryonic stages to infants. SH-SY5Y NB cells were exposed to 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated MW radiation for 24 h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491 W/kg. Control samples were in the same conditions with MW-exposed samples but they were not exposed to MW radiation. The apoptotic activity of cells was measured by Annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide staining. Moreover, mRNA levels of proliferative and cell cycle proteins were determined by real-time RT-PCR. The change in cell cycle progression was observed by using CycleTest-Plus DNA reagent. No significant change was observed in apoptotic activity of MW-exposed cells compared to control cells. The mRNA levels of c-myc and cyclin D1 were significantly reduced in MW group (p < 0.05). The percentage of MW-exposed cells in G1 phase was significantly higher than the percentage of control cells in G1 phase. MW radiation caused cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. These results showed that 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated MW radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but changed cell cycle progression.
In the present study we aimed to investigate the effects of 2.1 GHz Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) modulated Microwave (MW) Radiation on cell survival and apoptotic activity of human breast fibroblast cells. The cell cultures were exposed to W-CDMA modulated MW at 2.1 GHz at a SAR level of 0.607 W/kg for 4 and 24 h. The cell viability was assessed by MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] method. The percentage of apoptotic cells was analyzed by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining. 5,5',6,6'-Tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'- tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) was used to measure Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨm). sFasL and Fas/APO-1 protein levels were determined by ELISA method. 2.1 GHz MW radiation was shown to be able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in human breast fibroblast cells. The cell viability of MW-exposed cells was decreased significantly. The percentages of Annexin V-FITC positive cells were higher in MW groups. ΔΨm was decreased significantly due to MW radiation exposure. However, neither sFas nor FasL level was significantly changed in MW-exposed fibroblast cells. The results of this study showed that 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated MW radiation-induced apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial pathway.
We investigated the effects of 1.8 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated microwave (MW) radiation on apoptotic level and cell viability of Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) cells with or without Gemcitabine, which exhibits cell phase specificity, primarily killing cells undergoing DNA synthesis (S-phase). Raji cells were exposed to 1.8 GHz GSM-modulated MW radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.350 W/kg in a CO2 incubator. The duration of the exposure was 24 h. The amount of apoptotic cells was analyzed using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining with flow cytometer. The apoptotic activity of MW exposed Raji cells was increased significantly. In addition, cell viability of exposed samples was significantly decreased. Combined exposure of MW and Gemcitabine increased the amount of apoptotic cells than MW radiation alone. Moreover, viability of MW + Gemcitabine exposed cells was lower than that of cells exposed only to MW. These results demonstrated that MW radiation exposure and Gemcitabine treatment have a synergistic effect on apoptotic activity of Raji cells.
Dielectric heaters and sealers present the most common source of occupational exposure to excessive radio frequency (RF) fields. These systems are used industrially to heat or melt dielectric materials. Nowadays, the effects of high frequency electromagnetic (EM) fields on the health have been discussed frequently but there are few health studies done for workers around dielectric heaters and sealers. In this study, the leakage fields around dielectric heaters and sealers (27.12 MHz) were measured in MKE--Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation, Gazi Rocket Factory and evaluated in terms of standards. It has been observed that operators exposed to same RF fields with occupational exposure limits. Many workers have health complaints, such as elevated body temperatures in the factory. Safe distances or areas for workers should be recommended in these systems. Protective measures could be implemented to minimize these exposures. Further measurements and occupational exposure studies of RF exposed women and men are needed to demonstrate the levels of exposed Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR). Precautions should therefore be taken either to reduce the leakage fields or minimise the exposed fields.
Amaç: Meme kanseri (MK), iyi prognozlu tedevi edilebilir bir hastalıktan tedavi edilemeyen kötü prognozlu metastatik hastalığa kadar değişkenlik gösteren heterojen bir hastalıktır. Günümüzde meme kanseri tanısı çoğunlukla görüntüleme teknikleri kullanılarak yapılmakta ve değişen faktörlerin etkisi (meme dokusunun yoğunluğu, yaş vs.) bu yöntemi sınırlamaktadır. Ayrıca serum ve doku belirteçleri ile tanı konularak hastalığın seyri takip edilmektedir. Meme kanserinin tanısının konulmasında ve patolojisinin belirlenmesinde başarılı, hızlı, güvenilir ve erken saptamada kullanılabilecek biyo-belirteçlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Standart tanı yöntemlerinin sahip olduğu sınırlamaların üstesinden gelebilmek için metabolomikler yeni bir yaklaşım olmuştur. Metabolomik yaklaşımı doku, serum veya idrar gibi biyolojik numunelerde çok düşük ağırlıklı (<1kDa) metabolitlerin teşhisini olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu metabolitlerden biri olan serbest karnitin ve açil karnitinler hem bir biyo-belirteç olarak hem de meme kanserinin metabolizmasının, gelişiminin ve ilerlemesinin anlaşılmasında önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada meme kanseri patolojisinde değişen karnitinlerin tespit edilmesi ve erken tanısında kullanılabilecek biyo-belirteçlerin saptanması hedeflenmiştir. Materyal ve Metod: MCF-7 (ER+/PR+), MDA-MB-231(ER-/PR-/HER2-) ve CRL-4010 (normal) hücreleri çoğaltılarak homojenize edildi ve LC-MS/MS cihazı kullanılarak çalışıldı. Sonuçları “metaboanalyst” programında değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Serbest karnitin ve karnitin esterleri kanser hücre hatlarında (MCF-7 ve MDA-MB-231) kontrol hücreye (CRL-4010) göre yüksek bulundu. MCF-7 hücrelerinde CRL-4010 ve MDA-MB-231 hücrelerine göre C5-OH, C12, C3, C5:1, C14:1, C10, C0, C6 ve C14:2 karnitinleri belirgin olarak artmış; MDA-MB-231 hücrelerinde MCF-7 ve CRL-4010 hücrelerine göre C14, C16, C5, C8:1 ve C18 karnitinlerinin arttığı ve C10DC, C4 ve C10:1 karnitinlerinin ise kanser hücrelerinde kontrol hücrelerine göre artış gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Kanser biyo-belirteç adayı olabilecek karnitinler ise MCF-7 ve MDA-MB-231 kanser hücrelerini CRL-4010 kontrol hücrelerinden ayırmada C0; MDA-MB-231 ve MCF-7 kanser hücrelerini birbirinden ayırmada ise C5-OH biyo-belirteç adayı olarak tespit edildi. Sonuç: Bu sonuçlara göre karnitinler, kontrol grubunu kanserli gruptan ayırmada başarılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada vücut geliştirme egzersizi yapan bireylerdeki oksidatif stres düzeylerinin, normal kilolu sedanter, aşırı kilolu ve obez bireyler ile düzenli fiziksel egzersiz yapan normal kilolu bireylerin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve metod: Çalışmaya 18-45 yaşları arasında 122 gönüllü erkek katılımcı dahil edilmiş ve katılımcılar ilgilendikleri egzersizin şekline ve Vücut Kitle İndeksine göre 4 farklı gruba ayrılmıştır. Vücut geliştirme egzersizi yapan bireylerdeki oksidatif stres düzeyleri, normal kilolu sedanter, aşırı kilolu ve obez bireyler ile düzenli fiziksel egzersiz yapan normal kilolu bireylerle karşılaştırıldı. Oksidatif stres düzeylerini belirlemek için serum tiyol-disülfit parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Bulgular: Normal kilolu, düzenli egzersiz yapan katılıcılarda dinamik tiyol / disülfit homeostazının sağlandığı, ancak vücut geliştirme egzersizi yapan grupta dinamik tiyol / disülfit homeostazının bozulduğunu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Deney sonuçları vücut geliştirme egzersizi gibi ağır egzersizlerden kaçınılması, düzenli ve hafif egzersizlerin ise teşvik edilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.
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