Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate ovarian reserve of women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methodology:Eighty-nine women with T2DM and 73 healthy controls were enrolled and divided into three age groups [group 1 (20 -29 yr), seven diabetics and 18 healthy controls; group 2 (30 -39 yr): 35 diabetics and 35 healthy controls; and group 3 (40 -49 yr): 47 diabetics and 20 healthy controls]. All participants were subjected to transvaginal ultrasonographic examination on the third day of their menstrual periods for the determination of ovarian volume and total antral follicle count (AFC).Results: A significant difference in mean FSH levels (international units per liter) was observed between women with diabetes and healthy controls in all age groups (group 1, 7.8 Ϯ 0.9 vs. 5.0 Ϯ 1.0; group 2, 8.2 Ϯ 1.1 vs. 7.2 Ϯ 1.8; group 3, 9.5 Ϯ 3.2 vs. 6.4 Ϯ 2.4; P Ͻ 0.001 for all). Similarly, mean AFC was significantly lower in patients with T2DM than in healthy controls in all age groups (group 1, 21.1 Ϯ 4.8 vs. 25.0 Ϯ 9.1; group 2, 10.4 Ϯ 5.2 vs. 23.0 Ϯ 9.5; group 3, 6.0 Ϯ 3.5 vs. 21.7 Ϯ 2.1; P Ͻ 0.001 for all). A statistically significant difference in total ovarian volume was only observed in group 1 (9.7 Ϯ 3.0 in T2DM patients vs. 6.8 Ϯ 2.7 in healthy controls; P ϭ 0.002). AFC was found to be negatively correlated with FSH (r ϭ Ϫ0.406, P Ͻ 0.001), age (r ϭ Ϫ0.618, P Ͻ 0.001), glycolized hemoglobin (r ϭ Ϫ0.505, P Ͻ 0.001), and fasting blood glucose (r ϭ Ϫ0.687, P Ͻ 0.001).
Conclusion:In this pioneer study, the first to evaluate ovarian reserve in T2DM patients, we managed to demonstrate lower ovarian reserves in women with diabetes compared with healthy controls. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97: 261-269, 2012)
The aim of this study was the determination of blood flow characteristics and parameters in the hand arteries of patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (pRP) and comparison with the results of healthy subjects. The diameter, resistive index and flow volume of the digital, ulnar and radial arteries of the patients with pRP and the control group were measured at rest and after cold provocation. The flow starting time (FST) in the digital artery and the flow normalising time (FNT) of all three arteries were also recorded after cold provocation. The diameter and flow volume of the digital and ulnar arteries of the patients were lower at rest, but resistive index was significantly high in all arteries. After cold provocation, the diameters of the radial and ulnar arteries and the flow volume of the digital arteries of the patients were significantly lower than those of the controls. The mean FST was 3.6 +/- 3.8 min for the patients and 0.9 +/- 1.2 min for the controls. The mean FNT was significantly longer in all the arteries of the patients; FNT cutoff times for the radial, ulnar and digital arteries were 6.5, 5.5 and 6.5 min, respectively. The measurements of the diameter, resistive index and flow volume of all the arteries measured before and after cold provocation as well as FST of the digital artery and FNT of all the arteries may facilitate in providing additional information in pRP patients.
Blood flow in the hands of CTS patients differs from that of healthy individuals both at rest and during certain hand movements. Future studies, also with simultaneous monitoring of sympathetic innervation, could be beneficial to confirm the association between blood flow and the sympathetic nerves of the hand.
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