INTRODUCTIONScapula a bone of shoulder girdle is among the interesting bones of our body because of variations present in it. It is a flat triangular bone that lies on the posterolateral aspect of the chest wall over the second to the seventh rib. Its lateral angle becomes truncated and broadened that bears the glenoid cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus in the shoulder joint. The glenoid cavity which is also known as the head of the scapula is connected to the plate like body by an anatomical neck which is most distinct at its dorsal and inferior aspects. When the arm is swing by the side of the body, the glenoid cavity is directed slightly upwards, ABSTRACTBackground: The lateral angle of scapula becomes truncated and broadened and form the glenoid cavity which shows variable morphology. There is a notch present on its anterosuperior part which gives its different shape. When this glenoid notch is indistinct its shape is piriform, when it is distinct it looks like inverted comma shape and when it is absent its oval shape. The shoulder joint is one among the most commonly dislocated joints in the body. The fracture of glenoid with dislocations is very common in the trauma. The detail knowledge about variation in anatomy of glenoid cavity like different shape, size and dimensions are important during designing and fitting of glenoid component for total shoulder arthroplasty. The objective of present study was to obtain anthropometric data of scapulae and the glenoid cavity specifically the diameters and various shape of glenoid belongs to population of Bihar and compare it to findings from other races of the world. Methods: The present study was a cross sectional study which has been carried out on 228 undamaged dry adult human scapulae in which 126 belongs to right side and 102 belongs to left side. The age and gender of the bones used in the study was not predetermined. Results: The most common shape of glenoid cavity recorded in the present study was pear shape (50.44%) followed by inverted comma shape (35.96%). The least common shape was oval (13.6%). The mean length of scapula was observed as 135.07±14.23mm, the mean breadth of scapula was 97.55±9.63 mm, the mean supero inferior glenoid diameter was 35.80±3.14mm, the mean antero posterior glenoid diameter 1 was 23.63±2.50mm, and the mean antero posterior glenoid diameter 2 was 16.17±2.24mm and mean glenoid cavity index was 66.40±8.14%. In all the above measurements bilateral differences was not statistically significant. Conclusions:The knowledge about the different shape and dimensions of glenoid are very important during designing and fitting of glenoid component for total shoulder arthroplasty. It is also helpful during evaluation of different pathological conditions like rotator cuff disease, osteochondral defects and Bankart lesion. Since the present study is conducted on a limited number of scapulae further cadaveric, radiological and clinical studies are indicated.

Background: Jugular foramen is one of the foramen at the base of skull lies between the occipital bone and the petrosal portion of the temporal bone. It allows passage of important nervous and vascular elements, such as the glossopharyngeal, vagus accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein. Glomic tumors, schwannomas, metastatic lesions and infiltrating inflammatory processes are associated with this foramen, which can account for injuries of related structures. Variability in anatomical aspect of jugular foramen has been studied by many workers in different part of the world. Aims & Objective: To study the variability in shape and size of jugular foramen which has clear cut relationship with size of internal jugular vein and presence or absence of prominent superior bulb. The study is also aimed to confirm the description given in most of the text book of Anatomy that mostly right jugular foramen is larger than left (Figure 1). Materials and Methods: Present study has been designed to study on 68 skulls (68×2=136 foramen). Result: In the study Bilateral presence of dome has been found in 57.35% of cases whereas bilateral absence in 4.41% of cases. In 64.7% of case larger right and in 19.1% of cases larger left foramen have been observed. In remaining 16.1% of cases both left and right jugular foramen are almost equal in size. Both unilateral and bilateral complete septation have been observed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i2.10940   Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(2) 2015 95-98

No abstract

Background: The hypoglossal canal is one among the permanent components of occipital bone of both human being and animal skull, which transmits the twelfth cranial nerve, meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery and emissary veins. This is commonly known as anterior condylar canal. In some cases, this canal is divided by a bony spicule leading to a variant known as double hypoglossal canal. Such partition of hypoglossal canal predisposes the roots of twelfth cranial nerve to entrapment in the occipital bone during ossification which subsequently may leads to an alteration in the tongue movement as well as speech. The objectives of the present study were to obtain the incidence of the variant of double hypoglossal canal in north Indian population especially in Bihar and compare the incidence of such type of variation in skull of different parts of our country as well as various races of the world.Methods: The present study was carried out on 110 undamaged dry adult human crania of unknown age and sex for any variations in the hypoglossal canal or incidence of double hypoglossal canal.Results: We observed 15 cases (13.63%) of double hypoglossal canal in which 8 (7.27%) specimens had unilateral while 7 (6.36%) specimens had bilateral double hypoglossal canal. Double hypoglossal canal was more common in right side. In 5 cases (4.54%) unilateral bony spicules were seen.Conclusions: The study about the hypoglossal canal and its different variation is very important to clinicians, anatomist, forensic experts as well as anthropologists too. The knowledge about the different dimensions of hypoglossal canal is also very essential for neurosurgeons and radiologist for the planning of the surgeries around the posterior cranial fossa for tumors like schwannoma of hypoglossal nerve and treatment of sleep apnea syndrome. Hence the detailed morphometric study of hypoglossal canal will be helpful for the planning of surgical intervention around the base of skull becomes easier and safer.

Introduction : The caudal epidural anaesthesia is a process in which medications are injected into epidural space to provide analgesia and anaesthesia in various clinical procedures. The technique of caudal epidural block entirely depends upon exact localization of sacral hiatus through which clinicians access the epidural space. The precise knowledge about different anatomical variations related to the sacral hiatus increase its success rate. Aim:To study the different anatomical variations and morphometry of the sacral hiatus in the population of Bihar that is useful in caudal epidural anaesthesia. Materials and Methods:The present study has been carried out on 124 undamaged adult human sacra of which age and sex were not predetermined. Only fully ossified, dried, macerated and thoroughly cleaned sacra which were complete in all respects, in order to give the correct observations, were included in the study while the sacra having any deformity or pathology were excluded. The different metric parameters were measured with the help of digital vernier caliper. The various shapes of sacral hiatus was also observed. The software GRAPH PAD PRISM version 4.03 is used for statistical analysis of data. Results :The most common shape of sacral hiatus recorded in the present study is Inverted U (44.36%) followed by Inverted V (35.48%). The least common shape is bifid (4.03%). In 2.42% cases sacral hiatus is absent. Apex of the sacral hiatus is mostly seen at the level of 4th sacral vertebra (71.77%), while base is commonly located at the level of 5th sacral vertebra (79.84%). The mean length of sacral hiatus is 26.92 ± 12.91 mm. The mean transverse width and mean anteroposterior diameter of SH at the apex are 12.14 ± 3.89 mm and 5.39 ± 1.96 mm respectively. Conclusion :The different variation of shape and size of sacral hiatus should always kept in mind while giving caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia. These variations may occur due to different genetic and racial factors.

BACKGROUND: The first cervical vertebra, atlas plays a vital role in the movement of skull & neck. The anatomy of atlas is complex due to its three dimensional structure. There is a groove on superior surface of posterior arch of atlas for passage of 3 rd part of vertebral artery and first cervical spinal nerve (suboccipital nerve). Sometimes the oblique ligament of atlas which is present at the lower border of posterior atlanto-occipital membrane may ossify and convert this groove into a foramen. This foramen may be complete or incomplete, In some cases a bony bridge also extends from lateral masses of atlas to the posterior root of transverse process and form an additional foramen through which vertebral artery travels. The vertebral artery is prone to compression in its entire course between foramen transversarium and foramen magnum during extreme rotation movement of head & neck. This condition may be aggravated by the presence of these ponticuli & results in compromised blood flow and causes vertebrobasilar insufficiency presenting with dizziness, fainting, vertigo, transient diplopia & various neurological disturbances. MATERIALS & METHODS: The present study was carried out on 118 (Male-62, Female-56) dried fully ossified adult human atlas of known sex for the presence of complete or incomplete ring for vertebral artery i.e. different ponticuli on the superior surface of the atlas vertebra. RESULTS: We observed 21.17% cases of ponticulus posterior in which 7.62% specimens had complete ring while 13.55% specimens had incomplete ring & ponticulus lateralis was reported only in 5.93% cases (unilateral: 2.54% & bilateral: 3.39%). Incidence of ponticulus posterior as well as lateralis were more common in male as compared to female. Complete ponticulus posterior was more common in right side, while incomplete ponticulus posterior as well as ponticulus lateralis were more commonly bilaterally. CONCLUSION: As indicated by our study, ponticulus posterior as well as lateralis are not so rare anomaly in the population of Bihar. So, the detail knowledge about these variations is very helpful to the neurophysicians, neurosurgeons, orthopedicians & otolaryngologists who faces regularly the patients complaining about the symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. These informations are also important for the spine surgeons to prevent vascular complications during spinal surgeries especially in those patients who required screw placements in the lateral mass of atlas.

INTRODUCTIONThe femur or thigh bone is the strongest and longest bone of the body and about 45 cm long in an average man that means approximately one fourth of the height of individual. It has upper end, lower end and a cylindrical shaft. Upper end consists of head, neck, greater and lesser trochanter, inter-trochanteric line and inter-trochanteric crest. The neck is about 5 cm long, connects the head to the shaft and is directed upward, medially and slightly forward and making an angle about 125 0 with shaft but the angle is wider in children. The elongated neck shaft angle facilitates movement at hip joint enabling the limb to swing clearly. 1The neck shaft angle is defined as the angle between the long axis of shaft of femur and long axis femoral neck.Neck shaft angle is also known as angle of inclination, angle of neck of femur, collodiaphyseal angle, cervicodiphyseal angle and collum diaphyseal angle. Normal neck shaft angle varies between 120 0 -140 0 .If the neck shaft angle is less than 120 0 is known as coxa vara, when this angle is more than 140 0 it is called coxa valga. According to study of SP Tuck et al, showed that men had mean neck shaft angle of 130 0 ±3.3, range 121-138 0 while women had a smaller mean femoral neck shaft angle of 128 0 ±1.7, range 119-137 0 . 2The knowledge of the neck shaft angle is valuable in the diagnosis and treatment of fracture of upper end of femur. The neck shaft angle can be estimated from proximal fragment of femur and required size of the length of neck can be determined to design prosthesis for the restoration

BACKGROUND: Tobacco was introduced into Europe in the late 15 th century. Portuguese traders introduced it to India in late 16 th or early 17 th century. Since then, tobacco use has spread with remarkable rapidity, into all sections of people. Now tobacco is used in different forms out of which some are in form of smoking like cigarette, bidi whereas some are smokeless e.g., chewing, application over the teeth & the gingiva. Among tobacco habituated Indian population, about 70% are in the smoking form. 1 Passive smoking is also a significant health hazard. There is a vital role of dental practitioners in identifying individuals at risk of mucosal disease, the importance of public education about the risk factors, and the necessity for counseling patients with precancerous lesions on avoiding further risk. 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To study clinico-pathological & cytological changes in oral mucosal cells of people with the habit of smoking tobacco by using exfoliative cytology and PAP stain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The oral exfoliative cytology smears are taken from 60 person (30 smoking habit & 30 control) from the oral pathology department of K M Shah Dental College & Hospital. The smears are spread on the glass slide and are fixed with 95% ethyl alcohol. The slides are stained with papanicolaou stain and observed under microscope. RESULTS: The result showed that the anucleated cells (Precancerous feature) are increased in patient with smoking habit as compared to control group. Anucleated cells are highest in oral sub mucous fibrosis group of patients.