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pesticides residue poses serious concerns to human health. the present study was carried out to determine the pesticide residues of peri-urban bovine milk (n = 1183) from five different sites (Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Ludhiana and Udaipur) in India and dietary exposure risk assessment to adults and children. pesticide residues were estimated using gas chromatography with flame thermionic and electron capture detectors followed by confirmation on gas chromatographymass spectrometer. The results noticed the contamination of milk with hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, ethion and profenophos pesticides. the residue levels in some of the milk samples were observed to be higher than the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticide. Milk samples contamination was found highest in Bhubaneswar (11.2%) followed by Bangalore (9.3%), Ludhiana (6.9%), Udaipur (6.4%) and Guwahati (6.3%). The dietary risk assessment of pesticides under two scenarios i.e. lower-bound scenario (LB) and upper-bound (UB) revealed that daily intake of pesticides was substantially below the prescribed acceptable daily intake except for fipronil in children at UB. The non-cancer risk by estimation of hazard index (HI) was found to be below the target value of one in adults at all five sites in India. However, for children at the UB level, the HI for lindane, DDT and ethion exceeded the value of one in Ludhiana and Udaipur. Cancer risk for adults was found to be in the recommended range of United States environment protection agency (USEPA), while it exceeded the USepA values for children.

Low‐cholesterol ghee with 90% less cholesterol was prepared using β‐cyclodextrin. The physico‐chemical properties such as Reichert‐Meissl (RM) value, Polenske value, Butyro‐refractometer (BR) reading at 40°C, Iodine value and free fatty acids (FFA) as oleic acid in cow standard ghee and the corresponding low‐cholesterol ghee remained almost unaltered. A similar trend was also observed in buffalo ghee. Fat soluble vitamins (β‐carotene, A and E) in both cow and buffalo low‐cholesterol ghee were very similar to that of respective standard ghee samples. However, 65 to 70% loss of vitamin D was observed in low‐cholesterol ghee.

Background: Jugular foramen is one of the foramen at the base of skull lies between the occipital bone and the petrosal portion of the temporal bone. It allows passage of important nervous and vascular elements, such as the glossopharyngeal, vagus accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein. Glomic tumors, schwannomas, metastatic lesions and infiltrating inflammatory processes are associated with this foramen, which can account for injuries of related structures. Variability in anatomical aspect of jugular foramen has been studied by many workers in different part of the world. Aims & Objective: To study the variability in shape and size of jugular foramen which has clear cut relationship with size of internal jugular vein and presence or absence of prominent superior bulb. The study is also aimed to confirm the description given in most of the text book of Anatomy that mostly right jugular foramen is larger than left (Figure 1). Materials and Methods: Present study has been designed to study on 68 skulls (68×2=136 foramen). Result: In the study Bilateral presence of dome has been found in 57.35% of cases whereas bilateral absence in 4.41% of cases. In 64.7% of case larger right and in 19.1% of cases larger left foramen have been observed. In remaining 16.1% of cases both left and right jugular foramen are almost equal in size. Both unilateral and bilateral complete septation have been observed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i2.10940   Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(2) 2015 95-98

Cardiovascular changes following lumbar spine surgeries in the prone position have been less commonly described. Here, we report a case of an elderly male patient undergoing lumbar spine decompression and transforaminal interbody fusion who developed multiple but transient episodes of hypotension and bradycardia. Anesthesiologist should be vigilant while monitoring such patients and should use invasive blood pressure monitoring if possible, so as to detect transient cardiovascular episodes which may progress and results in a dreadful outcome.

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