The use of natural polymer as excipients in pharmaceutical sector is expanding day by day. Low cost, safety issues, availability, biodegradable are the main causes that make them differ from other sources. Natural sources have wide range of varieties and characteristics. So they can be used numerously in pharmaceutical products as excipients to serve the desired purposes. The aim of this article is to give an over view of the application of natural polymeric substances that can be used as excipients in pharmaceuticals.
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Family: Asteraceae) is a tropical Asian medicinal plant found in Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. It has long been utilized to treat a variety of health concerns in numerous countries around the world, such as renal discomfort, constipation, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, and hypertension. The chemical investigation resulted in the isolation and characterization of six compounds from the methanol (MeOH) extract of the leaves of Gynura procumbens, which were identified as phytol (1), lupeol (2), stigmasterol (3), friedelanol acetate (4), β-amyrin (5), and a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (6). In-depth investigations of the high-resolution 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic data from the isolated compounds, along with comparisons to previously published data, were used to clarify their structures. Among these, the occurrence of Compounds 1 and 4 in this plant are reported for the first time. The crude methanolic extract (CME) and its different partitionates, i.e., petroleum ether (PESF), chloroform (CSF), ethyl acetate (EASF), and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions, were subjected to antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and anti-diabetic activities. In a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, EASF showed the maximum activity, with an IC50 value of 10.78 µg/mL. On the other hand, CSF displayed the highest cytotoxic effect with an LC50 value of 1.94 µg/mL compared to 0.464 µg/mL for vincristine sulphate. In a thrombolytic assay, the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest activity (63.77%) compared to standard streptokinase (70.78%). During the assay for anti-diabetic activity, the PESF showed 70.37% of glucose-lowering activity, where standard glibenclamide showed 63.24% of glucose-reducing activity.
This article intends to measure the urban poor’s resilience to natural disasters using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based model. It also explores factors affecting differentiated levels of household resilience. It is found that urban poor communities in Khulna city frequently experience urban flooding and waterlogging, caused by heavy rainfall, as a primary hazard and therefore this article emphasizes on differentiated nature of urban poor’s resilience to natural hazards and the factors that shape differentiated nature of resilience. Quantitative research approach has been adopted and AHP-based indexing has been used to measure the level of resilience of the urban poor and contributing factors to their resilience level. The household questionnaire survey has been used as the data collection method and the total sample size of this research is 384 and all the primary data is collected from the six slums in Khulna city which have been selected using different vulnerability criteria like geographical location, size of the slums, and mean sea-level height of the slum. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model is used to determine the weight of indicators and dimensions which have been used to calculate resilience. Additionally, the principal component analysis (PCA) is also used to identify the determinant factors. The results revealed that 40.88% and 48.96% of people are low and moderately resilient respectively. The percentage of high resilient people in the low-income settlements in Khulna city is very low as only 10.16% of the households are found as highly resilient in the urban poor settlements. It identifies several factors that have the highest effect on differential level resilience, including access to formal safety nets and social assistance, income and livelihood strategy, illness, debt etc. Highlighting the factors that influence differentiated levels of resilience local government or policymakers can take different policy recommendations to improve the resilience of the urban poor that including strengthening the social security system for the urban poor, creating livelihood opportunities, public health services, etc.
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