We have shown that NO and superoxide ()contribute to donor T cell-dependent lung dysfunction after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in mice. We hypothesized that inhibiting production during inducible NO synthase induction would suppress oxidative/nitrative stress and result in less severe lung injury. Irradiated mice lacking the phagocytic NADPH-oxidase (phox−/−), a contributor to generation, were conditioned with cyclophosphamide and given donor bone marrow in the presence or absence of inflammation-inducing allogeneic spleen T cells. On day 7 after allogeneic BMT, survival, weight loss, and indices of lung injury between phox−/− and wild-type mice were not different. However, the majority of macrophages/monocytes from phox−/− mice given donor T cells produced fewer oxidants and contained less nitrotyrosine than cells obtained from T cell-recipient wild-type mice. Importantly, suppressed oxidative stress was associated with marked infiltration of the lungs with inflammatory cells and was accompanied by increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of the chemoattractants monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1α and impaired clearance of recombinant mouse macrophage-inflammatory protein-1β from the circulation. Furthermore, cultured macrophages/monocytes from NADPH-deficient mice produced 3-fold more TNF-α compared with equal number of cells from NADPH-sufficient mice. The high NO production was not modified during NADPH-oxidase deficiency. We conclude that phox−/− mice exhibit enhanced pulmonary influx of inflammatory cells after BMT. Although NO may contribute to increased production of TNF-α in phox−/− mice, the data suggest that NADPH-oxidase-derived oxidants have a role in limiting inflammation and preventing lung cellular infiltration after allogeneic transplantation.

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The interaction of TNF-alpha with TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) activates several signal transduction pathways that lead to apoptosis or NF-kappa B-dependent inflammation and immunity. We hypothesized that host TNFR1 expression contributes to noninfectious lung injury and inflammation commonly observed after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), termed idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS). C57BL/6 TNFR1-sufficient (TNFR1(+/+)) and -deficient (TNFR1(-/-)) mice were total body irradiated with or without cyclophosphamide conditioning and were given bone marrow plus IPS-inducing donor spleen T cells from B10.BR wild-type mice. TNFR1(-/-) recipient mice exhibited improved early post-BMT survival associated with decreased permeability edema. In addition, the low lung compliance measured in anesthetized, ventilated TNFR1(+/+) mice on day 7 after BMT was restored to baseline during TNFR1 deficiency. Importantly, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) inflammatory cells from TNFR1(-/-) vs. TNFR1(+/+) mice generated less nitric oxide (.NO) and nitrating species and exhibited suppressed programmed cell death as assessed using flow cytometry. However, cellular infiltration and levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were generally higher in BALF collected on day 7 after BMT from TNFR1(-/-) compared with TNFR1(+/+) recipient mice. Our results support a major role of host TNFR1 in regulation of .NO production and lung dysfunction after allogeneic BMT.

Background and AimIn the recent past,few studies have been carried out in chicken to assess the effect of Azolla meal and raw Azolla feeding on the performance of chicken. If turkeys effectively use unconventional feedstuffs like Azolla without reducing the performance, it will increase the profitability of turkey business. Hence, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dried Azolla pinnata vis-a-vis raw Azolla as choice feeding on the growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood biochemical attributes, and immune competence traits of growing turkeys under intensive system.Materials and MethodsA total of 72, 8-week-old grower turkey poults of black variety were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments having three replicates each with eight birds. The birds of the control group (T1) were fed a basal diet (CP - 19.71% and ME - 2789.79 Kcal/kg), while the other group (T2) and choice-feeding group (T3) were fed 5% of basal diet replaced by dry Azolla powder on DM basis and ad libitumAzolla along with basal diet, respectively.ResultsThere was no significant difference among the different groups in the average weekly weight gain during the entire experiment. FCR was significantly better (p<0.05) in the choice-feeding group compared to the other two experimental groups during 8-16 weeks of age. There was no significant difference among the treatment groups in any of the blood biochemical indices except plasma uric acid, which was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in T2 compared to T1 at 16 weeks of age. HA and IgM response to 1% sheep red blood cells (log2 titer) were numerically better in T2 and T3 compared to the T1.ConclusionThus, it may be inferred that choice feeding with Azolla, and basal diet may improve FCR without any adverse effect on blood biochemical attributes and immune competence traits.

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A relatively new joining process, friction stir welding (FSW) produces no fumes; uses no filler material; and can join aluminium alloys, copper, magnesium, zinc, steels, and titanium. FSW sometimes produces a weld that is stronger than the base material. The tool geometry plays a critical role in material flow and governs the transverse rate at which FSW can be conducted. The tool serves three primary functions, i.e., (a) heating of the work piece, (b) movement of material to produce the joint, and (c) containment of the hot metal beneath the tool shoulder. Heating is created within the work piece by friction between both the rotating tool pin and shoulder and by severe plastic deformation of the work.