A large body of knowledge already exists on muscle dysmorphia. However, the results are limited to studies with male bodybuilders and competitive weightlifters. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have pointed out limitations in several studies in which muscle dysmorphia symptoms are not assessed by valid and reliable instruments. Thus, this study aimed to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) to Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate its psychometric properties when applied to a total of 351 physically active Brazilian college men. Confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, estimated internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the MDDI scores were examined. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis upheld the original 3-factor structure (13 items) of the MDDI for Brazilian men. The MDDI scores presented a significant moderate association with male body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity. A significant small association was observed between MDDI scores and depressive symptoms and exercise dependence. Adequate internal consistency and 2-week test-retest reliability were found. The Brazilian version of MDDI showed adequate psychometric properties among physically active college men. Public Significance StatementThe Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory is a valid and reliable tool that is capable to measure muscle dysmorphia symptoms in physically active Brazilian college men. The Brazilian version of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory could be used by researchers and clinicians to aid information regarding muscle dysmorphia etiology, prevalence, nosology, prognosis, and treatment.

Objective Few prevention programs have been developed and empirically evaluated to address eating disorder (ED) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms in men. Furthermore, new strategies for the broad implementation of available programs are needed. We investigated the acceptability and efficacy of a dissonance‐based (DB) intervention for Brazilian undergraduate men with body dissatisfaction to target risk and protective factors for ED and MD symptoms (the Body Project: More Than Muscles) after an online training for facilitators. Method Participants were randomized to a two‐session DB‐intervention (n = 89) or assessment‐only control (AOC) (n = 91), and completed validated measures assessing ED and MD risk and protective factors pre‐intervention, post‐intervention, and at 4‐ and 24‐week follow‐up post‐intervention. Results Acceptability ratings were highly favorable. Regarding efficacy, the DB condition demonstrated significantly greater decreases in ED and MD risk factors compared to AOC from pre‐intervention to 4‐week (p‐values <.05, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.35–1.10) and 24‐week follow‐up (p‐values <.05, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.33–0.78). Results at post‐intervention were not significant, with the exception that body appreciation showed significantly greater improvements in the DB condition (post‐intervention: p < .01, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.40; 4‐week: p < .001, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.80; and 24‐week follow‐up: p < .001, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.58). Discussion Results support the acceptability and efficacy of a DB‐intervention delivered in‐person after an online training for facilitators up to 24‐week follow‐up in Brazilian men.

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Despite high levels of muscularity concerns among sexual-minority men, most of the existing literature on the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia focuses on heterosexual men and has mainly been conducted in Western and English-speaking regions. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men who were 18–50 years old. We evaluated the factor structure of both measures using a two-step, split-sample exploratory (EFA; n = 704) and confirmatory (CFA; n = 705) factor-analytic approach, which supported the original three-factor structure of the MDDI and resulted in a reduced two-factor solution with 13 items for the DMS. Convergent validity was supported through associations of the DMS and the MDDI with eating disorder symptoms, body-ideal internalization, self-objectification beliefs and behaviors, and body appreciation measures. Additionally, we found good internal consistency, and test–retest reliability of both measures. Results support the validity and reliability of the DMS and the MDDI in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men and will support future studies exploring these constructs in Brazilian sexual-minority men.

Objective One of the most widely used assessment tools for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q), has not yet been evaluated in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual men—an at‐risk population given the extent of minority stressors in Brazilian culture. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the EDE‐Q among Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men. Method The Brazilian EDE‐Q was administered to a sample of 1409 gay and bisexual adult men, along with measures of self‐objectification, body‐ideal internalization, drive for muscularity, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, and body appreciation. The factor structure of the Brazilian EDE‐Q was assessed using a two‐step, split‐sample exploratory (EFA; n = 704) and confirmatory factor analytic approach (CFA; n = 705). Additionally, convergent validity, internal consistency, and 2‐week test–retest reliability were assessed. Results Findings from an EFA and CFA revealed a one‐factor structure with 22 items and adequate internal consistency (ω = .92, 95% CI = [.91, .93]). Moreover, the scale demonstrated good 2‐week test–retest reliability (ICC = .86, 95% CI = [.82, .88], p < .001). The EDE‐Q scores showed positive associations with self‐objectification, body‐ideal internalization, muscle dysmorphia symptoms, and drive for muscularity, as well as a negative association with body appreciation. Discussion Results provide support for the use of the EDE‐Q using a one‐factor structure in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men and give insights for future studies on eating disorders in sexual minorities in Latin America. Public Significance The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) is one of the most widely used self‐report measures of eating disorder symptoms. However, there is a lack of research on the validity and reliability of the EDE‐Q in Latin American countries. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the EDE‐Q in Brazilian cisgender gay and bisexual adult men. Our findings give insights for future studies on eating disorders in sexual minorities in Latin America.

Há uma carência de instrumentos válidos e confiáveis para avaliação da insatisfação com a imagem corporal, bem como sinais e sintomas de dismorfia muscular, em jovens adultos brasileiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o processo de adaptação transcultural e a análise de equivalências da Male Body Attitudes Scale – Revised (MBAS-R) e do Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) para língua portuguesa (Brasil). Seguiram-se as seguintes etapas metodológicas: 1) tradução; 2) síntese de tradução; 3) retrotradução; 4) comitê de especialistas para elaborar a versão pré-teste; 5) avaliação do pré-teste por especialistas e por uma amostra representativa da população-alvo; e 6) análise de consistência interna. Os instrumentos (MBAS-R e MDDI) foram traduzidos e adaptados mantendo a quantidade original de itens. Foram realizados ajustes semânticos, idiomáticos e culturais. Após estes, ambos os instrumentos foram considerados de fácil compreensão pelos especialistas e pela população-alvo. Os valores de consistência interna (avaliados por meio do coeficiente α de Cronbach) foram considerados satisfatórios (MBAS-R = 0,82 e MDDI = 0,78). Dessa maneira, os dois instrumentos encontram-se traduzidos e adaptados para população de jovens adultos brasileiros, com evidências de equivalências entre a versão original e a brasileira, que apresenta ainda adequada compreensão e consistência interna. Entretanto, torna-se necessário, para ambas as medidas, a análise de evidência de validade e confiabilidade.