A large body of knowledge already exists on muscle dysmorphia. However, the results are limited to studies with male bodybuilders and competitive weightlifters. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have pointed out limitations in several studies in which muscle dysmorphia symptoms are not assessed by valid and reliable instruments. Thus, this study aimed to describe the translation and cultural adaptation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) to Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate its psychometric properties when applied to a total of 351 physically active Brazilian college men. Confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, estimated internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the MDDI scores were examined. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis upheld the original 3-factor structure (13 items) of the MDDI for Brazilian men. The MDDI scores presented a significant moderate association with male body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity. A significant small association was observed between MDDI scores and depressive symptoms and exercise dependence. Adequate internal consistency and 2-week test-retest reliability were found. The Brazilian version of MDDI showed adequate psychometric properties among physically active college men. Public Significance StatementThe Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory is a valid and reliable tool that is capable to measure muscle dysmorphia symptoms in physically active Brazilian college men. The Brazilian version of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory could be used by researchers and clinicians to aid information regarding muscle dysmorphia etiology, prevalence, nosology, prognosis, and treatment.

Objective Few prevention programs have been developed and empirically evaluated to address eating disorder (ED) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms in men. Furthermore, new strategies for the broad implementation of available programs are needed. We investigated the acceptability and efficacy of a dissonance‐based (DB) intervention for Brazilian undergraduate men with body dissatisfaction to target risk and protective factors for ED and MD symptoms (the Body Project: More Than Muscles) after an online training for facilitators. Method Participants were randomized to a two‐session DB‐intervention (n = 89) or assessment‐only control (AOC) (n = 91), and completed validated measures assessing ED and MD risk and protective factors pre‐intervention, post‐intervention, and at 4‐ and 24‐week follow‐up post‐intervention. Results Acceptability ratings were highly favorable. Regarding efficacy, the DB condition demonstrated significantly greater decreases in ED and MD risk factors compared to AOC from pre‐intervention to 4‐week (p‐values <.05, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.35–1.10) and 24‐week follow‐up (p‐values <.05, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.33–0.78). Results at post‐intervention were not significant, with the exception that body appreciation showed significantly greater improvements in the DB condition (post‐intervention: p < .01, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.40; 4‐week: p < .001, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.80; and 24‐week follow‐up: p < .001, between‐condition Cohen's d = 0.58). Discussion Results support the acceptability and efficacy of a DB‐intervention delivered in‐person after an online training for facilitators up to 24‐week follow‐up in Brazilian men.

Background Past research has revealed the detrimental effects of social isolation and physical distancing measures in health related outcomes. However, only recently COVID-19 confinement measures provided a context to test whether such detrimental effects exist in the human sexuality domain. Aim This study was aimed at testing the relationship between COVID-19 confinement levels and sexual functioning domains in men and women, while accounting for the mediating role of psychological adjustment during lockdown. Methods Two hundred and forty five men and 417 women completed a web survey on the effects of COVID-19 in sexual health. The reference period includes the first confinement in Portugal (March 19–June 1, 2020). Data were handled under Hays’ procedures for simple mediation analysis. Outcomes Measurement outcomes included self-reported levels of confinement, IIEF and FSFI scores, and psychological adjustment during lockdown. Results Psychological adjustment during lockdown mediated the relationship between confinement levels and most sexual functioning domains in men but not in women. Also, while confinement levels were not directly related with most sexual functioning domains, psychological adjustment during lockdown did predict lower sexual functioning in both genders. Clinical Translation Findings support that human sexual functioning should be framed within a contextual perspective, emphasizing how psychological adjustment and situational life stressors, such as lockdown situations, shape individuals’ sexuality. Such perspective should be considered in treatment protocols implemented during current pandemic. Strengths & Limitations Data add to the literature on the effects of lockdown in the sexuality domain. However, the study precludes inference of causality and targets only a little proportion of all the dynamics involved in sexuality during the current historical moment. Conclusion Psychological adjustment during COVID-19 seems to have a role on human sexual functioning, over the single effects of confinement. Carvalho J, Campos P, Carrito M, et al. The Relationship Between COVID-19 Confinement, Psychological Adjustment, and Sexual Functioning, in a Sample of Portuguese Men and Women. J Sex Med 2021;18:1191–1197.

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Body image concerns related to weight or other dimensions of appearance are now prevalent on a global scale. This paper reviews the theoretical frameworks that account for the global similarities and regional differences in rates and presentation of body image concerns, as well as reviewing the extant data. Given the harmful consequences of body image concerns in terms of mental and physical health, their global burden is high. Interventions to mitigate these concerns at the individual and systemic level are warranted.

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