Milk and dairy products can be contaminated in different ways. One of the most important and most challenging contaminations is due to heavy metals. In present research key words, including Milk, Dairy products, Heavy metal, Iran in the database pub med, Science Direct, Elsevier, SID, MagIran, Civilica, the World Health Organization and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations were searched. All articles indexed in domestic and international journals related to the topic were collected over the past several years. Heavy metal contamination in milk and dairy products play an important role in public health, as it can be the reason to the prevalence of diverse illnesses and lesions. There are various ways to measure the amount of contamination in milk and dairy products. One of the best and most efficient methods is atomic absorption. Moreover, collecting samples, storing and preparing them with different materials and solutions are also an important method. Heavy metals can enter the food chain in many ways. Sewage, factory waste, garbage, dust and etc are the common ways for heavy metals to enter the food. Cow's body acts like a biological filter about heavy metals, especially Cadmium and the absorbed Lead and Cadmium move to its bones and start to accumulate. Due to extensive consumption of milk and dairy products, it is critical to lessen contamination. Water and foods with both animal and plant resources must be monitored and examined before use. Materials used for food packaging must be harmless for human health so the present elements used in the containers must be reconsidered.
Outbreaks of zoonotic viral diseases pose a severe threat to public health and economies worldwide, with this currently being more prominent than it previously was human history. These emergency zoonotic diseases that originated and transmitted from vertebrates to humans have been estimated to account for approximately one billion cases of illness and have caused millions of deaths worldwide annually. The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an excellent example of the unpredictable public health threat causing a pandemic. The present review summarizes the literature data regarding the main vaccine developments in human clinical phase I, II and III trials against the zoonotic positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Coronavirus and Alphavirus genera, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle east respiratory syndrome, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Semliki Forest virus, Ross River virus, Chikungunya virus and O'nyong-nyong virus. That there are neither vaccines nor effective antiviral drugs available against most of these viruses is undeniable. Therefore, new explosive outbreaks of these zoonotic viruses may surely be expected. The present comprehensive review provides an update on the status of vaccine development in different clinical trials against these viruses, as well as an overview of the present results of these trials. Contents1. Introduction 2. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4. Chikungunya and O'nyong-nyong virus 5. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus 6. Ross River virus 7. Semliki Forest virus 8. Conclusions and future perspectives
Honey is a natural product containing water and different complex compounds such as proteins, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Environmental contaminations and fraud that occur during honey production, endangers consumer health. The aim of this study, investigate and identify the factors that are deliberately or unintentionally present in honey in order to control these factors, the quality of honey and consumer health to be maintained. In the current review study the information achieved by referring to the databases Pubmed, Science Direct, Elsevier, Google Scholar, SID, MagIran, Civilica, World Health Organization, United Nations Food and Drug Administration collected based on keywords honey, physicochemical properties, hygienic quality, public health, heavy metals and pharmaceutical residues during the last 10 years. Factors affecting the hygienic and safety of honey include carbohydrates (fructose-glucose ratio), proline, gluconic acid, citric acid, moisture, ash (especially potassium), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, diastase activity (alpha and beta amylase), color, electrolytic conductivity, pH, acidity, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical residues. Physicochemical properties, although affecting the quality of honey but not a threat to consumer health, but heavy metals and residual medicines, in addition to honey quality, also endanger consumer health; thus, heavy metals, and pharmaceutical residues, in comparison to physicochemical properties, affect the hygienic quality of honey and public health. Thus heavy metals and pharmaceutical residues than physicochemical properties, the honey quality and consumers public health more endanger. As a result, the identification and control of heavy metals and pharmaceutical residues in honey is more important than physicochemical properties.
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