Vaccine development for zoonotic viral diseases caused by positive‑sense single‑stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae and Togaviridae families (Review)

Abstract

Outbreaks of zoonotic viral diseases pose a severe threat to public health and economies worldwide, with this currently being more prominent than it previously was human history. These emergency zoonotic diseases that originated and transmitted from vertebrates to humans have been estimated to account for approximately one billion cases of illness and have caused millions of deaths worldwide annually. The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an excellent example of the unpredictable public health threat causing a pandemic. The present review summarizes the literature data regarding the main vaccine developments in human clinical phase I, II and III trials against the zoonotic positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Coronavirus and Alphavirus genera, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle east respiratory syndrome, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Semliki Forest virus, Ross River virus, Chikungunya virus and O'nyong-nyong virus. That there are neither vaccines nor effective antiviral drugs available against most of these viruses is undeniable. Therefore, new explosive outbreaks of these zoonotic viruses may surely be expected. The present comprehensive review provides an update on the status of vaccine development in different clinical trials against these viruses, as well as an overview of the present results of these trials. Contents1. Introduction 2. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4. Chikungunya and O'nyong-nyong virus 5. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus 6. Ross River virus 7. Semliki Forest virus 8. Conclusions and future perspectives

Chikungunya fever

“…The different vaccine platforms used in the development of candidate CHIKV vaccines are also amenable to vaccines for related alphaviruses 181,286,287 (Table 2). However, uncertainties remain as current vaccine strategies rely primarily on the induction of neutralizing antibodies as a protective mechanism 286 but other immune correlates, including T cell and innate immune responses, should be considered and studied in depth.…”

Solvent Accessibility of Coronaviridae Spike Proteins through the Lens of Information Gain

“…The Coronaviridae are a family of enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that can cause respiratory [9], gastrointestinal [10], liver [11], and neurological diseases [12] in humans and animals. The viral envelope, which is composed of a lipid bi-layer, is essential for survival and replication [13], as it protects the viral genome and mediates interactions with host cells.…”