A Review of the Importance, Detection and Controlling of Heavy Metal in Milk and Dairy Products

Abstract

Milk and dairy products can be contaminated in different ways. One of the most important and most challenging contaminations is due to heavy metals. In present research key words, including Milk, Dairy products, Heavy metal, Iran in the database pub med, Science Direct, Elsevier, SID, MagIran, Civilica, the World Health Organization and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations were searched. All articles indexed in domestic and international journals related to the topic were collected over the past several years. Heavy metal contamination in milk and dairy products play an important role in public health, as it can be the reason to the prevalence of diverse illnesses and lesions. There are various ways to measure the amount of contamination in milk and dairy products. One of the best and most efficient methods is atomic absorption. Moreover, collecting samples, storing and preparing them with different materials and solutions are also an important method. Heavy metals can enter the food chain in many ways. Sewage, factory waste, garbage, dust and etc are the common ways for heavy metals to enter the food. Cow's body acts like a biological filter about heavy metals, especially Cadmium and the absorbed Lead and Cadmium move to its bones and start to accumulate. Due to extensive consumption of milk and dairy products, it is critical to lessen contamination. Water and foods with both animal and plant resources must be monitored and examined before use. Materials used for food packaging must be harmless for human health so the present elements used in the containers must be reconsidered.

Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Raw Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo and Camel Milk

“…Due to non-compliance with the right technologies, these substances are becoming a part of agricultural products, including milk from cows, ewes, goats, buffalo and camels. Additionally, the presence of toxic heavy metals in milk causes no special changes in color, odor, taste and consolidation, and is considered a silent agent of toxicity [10]. Therefore, it is important to assess the concentrations of toxic heavy metals and especially Cd, Pb and Hg in milk of animal species.…”

Interband transitions in closed-shell vacancy containing graphene quantum dots complexed with heavy metals

“…During the last decades, extensive research efforts have mostly been focused on development/improvement of effective ''bulky'' detection methods (chromatography, mass spectrometry, etc. ), [13][14][15] design of sensitive materials and devices (electrodes, hybrid structures, field emission transistors, and Schottky diodes), [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and fabrication of potent adsorbents (filters, and membranes). [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Considering the drawbacks of the traditional ''bulky'' time-consuming techniques, numerous research groups, nowadays, investigate graphene-family materials (graphene quantum dots, reduced graphene oxide, epitaxial graphene, etc.)…”

Riesgos de contaminación química en leche y sus derivados

“…Son elementos metálicos y metaloides, con una densidad mayor en comparación a otros elementos metálicos (5 g/cm 3 o un peso atómico entre 63,5-200,6 g/mol), se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en el ambiente e inducen a toxicidad sistémica incluso en bajos niveles de exposición (Ismail y col., 2019;Mahmoudi y col., 2017;Jan y col., 2015). Aunque en este grupo se han considerado al hierro (Fe), zinc (Zn), níquel (Ni) y cobre (Cu) cuando se encuentran en productos alimenticios más allá de ciertos límites, los metales pesados más tóxicos hallados en los alimentos generalmente son mercurio (Hg), arsénico (As), cadmio (Cd) y plomo (Pb).…”

“…Actividades antropogénicas como la urbanización, la industrialización, el riego con agua contaminada, la aplicación de fertilizantes que contienen metales pesados y condiciones no higiénicas en el procesamiento y distribución de la leche determinan su ingreso al organismo, reportándose en muestras de leche cruda, pasteurizada y en polvo (Ismail y col., 2019;Mahmoudi y col., 2017;Jan y col., 2015). La contaminación de la leche y sus derivados con metales pesados es importante para la salud pública, porque ocasionan lesiones y enfermedades especialmente en infantes y ancianos, quienes son los principales consumidores de lácteos (Ismail y col., 2019;Mahmoudi y col., 2017). Así, una de las principales causas del saturnismo o plumbosis es justamente el consumo de leche contaminada con plomo, cuya tasa de absorción en niños es 40 % mayor que en los adultos (Ismail y col., 2019;Harlia, Rahmah y Suryanto, 2018).…”