Apis Dorsata Binghami honey bee is a honey bee endemic to Indonesia, living naturally in the forests of Sulawesi. This study aimed to obtain isolates and characteristics of endogenous fungi antibiotic activity from Apis dorsata Binghami nest. The research consisted of isolation of fungi from beehives using potato dextro agar, pure culture of fungi, antagonist test and antibiotic test using disc diffusion method. Antibiotic test was performed on oral bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The results obtained six isolates of fungi from the nest of Apis dorsata Binghami, namely isolates FAB1, FAB2, FAB3, FAB4, FAB5 and FAB6. The results of the antagonist test showed that the isolates FAB2 and FAB3 had the best antagonist properties, while the FAB6 isolates had the weakest antagonist properties. The FAB2 isolate showed the best bacterial growth inhibition zone average for the isolates of oral bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone lasts up to 3 x 24 hours so that the activity of the bacteria is bactericidal. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the endogenous fungus Apis dorsata Binghami is a potential source of antibacterial bioactives.
Leilem (Clerodendrum minhassae Teism. & Binn.) is a plant endemic to Sulawesi. Leilem leaves are used as a typical food vegetable for the Minahasa tribe. However, leilem leaves were used as a medicinal plant for intestinal worms, abdominal pain and chest pain. There has been no research report on the use of leilem leaves as a source of antibacterial bioactivity. This study aims to obtain the best concentration of antibacterial Leilem leaf extract. Leilem leaves are obtained from North Minahasa. Extraction by maceration method using various solvents with a level of polarity. The test concentrations of the extract were 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 400 mg/L and 800 mg/L. As a positive control, clindamycin 400 mg/L was used. The results showed that the percentage of solvent yield was ethanol, which was 1.23% at 1:4 (w/v) maceration. The average diameter of bacterial growth is 12.6 mm. The results of the one way ANOVA analysis showed significant differences between test concentrations (p>0.5). Tukey's test showed that the three extracts significantly inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 25923. The n-hexane extract showed the best antibacterial activity, followed by ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract. Leilem leaves are potential to be developed as a source of antibacterial bioactive.
Mangrove Biodiversity of Bunaken National Park in Project-Based Learning to Improve Students' Competitive Skills during the COVID 19 Pandemic. College graduates in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 are required to have strong competitive abilities. Competitive skills can be measured from the science process skills possessed.Objectives: This study aims to obtain a competitive profile of students' skills through a project-based learning method on mangrove biodiversity in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi. Methods: The research subjects were students who took Sulawesi biodiversity courses in 2020/2021. Fourteen science process skills were measured using a rubric Findings:The results showed that students' mastery of science process skills was high in the Sulawesi biodiversity course. Conclusion: . The application of project-based learning to the problem of mangrove biodiversity in Bunaken National Park can induce students to develop problem-solving skills, collaboration, creativity, and literacy skills.
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