Apis dorsata Binghami is a Sulawesi endemic honey bee. Apis dorsata Binghami cannot be bred, so it still lives wildlyin the forests of Sulawesi. However, Apis dorsata Binghami produces more honey, compared to all honey bee species. Furthermore, the diversity of plants as a source of nectar, pollen and plant resin, which is used in the formation of nests and honey is more, than all types of honey bees in the world. Ethnomedically, the Minahasa community has long used honeynest for degenerative diseases such as hyperlipidemia and cancer. Nevertheless, there have been no research reports on bioactive content and bioactivity of Apis dorsataBinghami nest extract. This research wasaimed to determinethe bioactive content of honey bee nest and to obtain the inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) antioxidant activity of honey bee nest extractofApis dorsata Binghami. Honey bee nest was obtained directly from the forest of Minahasa peninsula, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction of fresh honey bee nest was conductedusingmaceration method. Bioactive content analysis was carried out by the Harborne method, followed by analysis using UV Vis spectrophotometer and High performance liquid chromatography. IC50antioxidant activity of honey bee nest extract was obtained using DPPH free radical reduction method. The results showed that Apis dorsata Binghami honey bee nest extract containedalkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids. Identified flavonoids displayed the highest phytochemical content. Based on the results of HPLC and UV Vis spectrophotometer analysis, there were 20 flavonoid derivatives found in honey bee nest samples in Minahasa. Ethanol extract and n-hexane extract showed high free radical reduction activity compared to vitamin C as a control treatment. However, ethanol extract produced the highest DPPH free radical reduction activity.
Until now, Anopheles sp is a vector of Plasmodium sp as a parasite that causes malaria. Global climate change makes the development of the Anopheles mosquito unpredictable. Therefore, the use of plants as biological larvicides is an alternative to control the Anopheles population. A study aimed at obtaining the phytochemical content of the crude extract of Tagetes erecta L. and the toxicity of the extract against larvae of Anopheles sp. Tagetes erecta flowers are obtained from the city of Tomohon, North Sulawesi which is known as the city of flowers. Mosquito larvae were obtained by rearing method in the biology laboratory of FMIPA, Manado State University. This study applies a laboratory experimental method. Lethal concentration 50 was determined by probit analysis using SPSS IBM 20. The study consisted of the extraction of Tegetes erecta flowers using the maceration method, analysis of phytochemical content and toxicity tests of extracts on larvae of Anopheles sp. The results showed that the dominant phytochemical groups were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The best LC 50 was obtained in ethanol extract, namely 43.073 mg / L.Keywords : Toxicity, Larvae, Anopheles, Tagetes erecta L. Abstrak: Anopheles sp sampai saat ini merupakan vektor Plasmodium sp sebagai parasite yang menyebabkan penyakit malaria. Perubahan iklim global menyebabkan perkembangan nyamuk Anopheles sulit diprediksi. Oleh karena itu pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai larvasida hayati menjadi alternative penanggulangan populasi Anopheles. Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan mendapatkan kandungan golongan fitokimia ekstrak kasar Tagetes erecta L dan toksisitas ekstrak terhadap larva Anopheles sp. Bunga Tagetes erecta di peroleh dari Kota Tomohon Sulawesi Utara yang dikenal sebagai kota bunga. Larva nyamuk diperoleh dengan metode rearing di laboratorium Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Manado. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode eksperimen laboratorium. Lethal concentration 50 ditentukan dengan analisis probit menggunakan SPSS IBM 20. Penelitian terdiri atas tahap ekstraksi bunga Tegetes erecta dengan metode maserasi, analisis kandungan golongan fitokimia dan uji toksisitas ekstrak pada larva Anopheles sp. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa golongan fitokimia yang dominan adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan tannin. LC 50 terbaik diperoleh pada ekstrak etanol yaitu 43,073 mg/L.Kata kunci : Toksisitas, Larva, Anopheles, Tagetes erecta L.
pis nigrocincta Smith is a species of honey bee cavity nesting, endemic to Sulawesi. Research that aims to find the composition of the bioactive content of peptides and antibacterial activity of honey bee venom A. nigrocincta Smith has been conducted. Honey bee venom composition was analyzed using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Method and Spectrophotometer UV-Vis Method. Analysis of antibacterial activity, was conducted using a modified agar diffusion method. The results showed that the venom of the honey bee Apis nigrocinctaSmith has five bands of molecules with a molecular weight i.e. 33.54kDa; 21 kDa and 15.43 kDa. The peptide detected were hyaluronidase, fosfolipase A, mellitin, lysofosfolipase or antigen 5. Antibacterial activity was higher than the control ampisilin and antibiotic streptomycin.
Apis Dorsata Binghami honey bee is a honey bee endemic to Indonesia, living naturally in the forests of Sulawesi. This study aimed to obtain isolates and characteristics of endogenous fungi antibiotic activity from Apis dorsata Binghami nest. The research consisted of isolation of fungi from beehives using potato dextro agar, pure culture of fungi, antagonist test and antibiotic test using disc diffusion method. Antibiotic test was performed on oral bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The results obtained six isolates of fungi from the nest of Apis dorsata Binghami, namely isolates FAB1, FAB2, FAB3, FAB4, FAB5 and FAB6. The results of the antagonist test showed that the isolates FAB2 and FAB3 had the best antagonist properties, while the FAB6 isolates had the weakest antagonist properties. The FAB2 isolate showed the best bacterial growth inhibition zone average for the isolates of oral bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone lasts up to 3 x 24 hours so that the activity of the bacteria is bactericidal. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the endogenous fungus Apis dorsata Binghami is a potential source of antibacterial bioactives.
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