It has been debated whether negative number concepts are cognitively represented on the same mental number line as positive number concepts. The present study reviews this debate and identifies limitations of previous studies. A method with nonspatial stimuli and responses is applied to overcome these limitations and to document a systematic implicit association of negative numbers with left space, thus indicating a leftward extension of the mental number line. Importantly, this result only held for left-to-right counting adults. Implications for the experiential basis of abstract conceptual knowledge are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

THE MECHANICAL PHENOMENA OF ALIMENTATION. i. The General Functions of the Alimentary Tract. Under the functions of the alimentary tract are included all the functions of the hollow tube which begins with the moutĥ and ends with the anus, together with certain of those of the glands which pour their secretions into this tube. The changes which the food undergoes in its passage through this tube are in part purely mechanical such for example as are the consequence of mastication or the movements of the stomach in larger part, however, chemical. As an example of the latter may be mentioned the conversion in the stomach of albuminous bodies such as egg white into the chemically less complex peptones*. Yet these chemical changes are frequently associated with physical or physicochemical ones which from a physiological standpoint may at times be quite as important as the chemical changes themselves. We can classify the various substances which serve as food under the general headings of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and inorganic substances. Under the first heading fall, for example, the lean meats, the white of egg, etc., while the chief representatives of the carbohydrates are the starches and sugars which we consume. The fats are 1

In this paper we will investigate different axiomatic theories of truth that are minimal in some sense. One criterion for minimality will be conservativity over Peano Arithmetic. We will then give a more fine-grained characterization by investigating some interpretability relations. We will show that disquotational theories of truth, as well as compositional theories of truth with restricted induction are relatively interpretable in Peano Arithmetic. Furthermore, we will give an example of a theory of truth that is a conservative extension of Peano Arithmetic but not interpretable in it. We will then use stricter versions of interpretations to compare weak theories of truth to subsystems of second-order arithmetic.

We discuss the interplay between the axiomatic and the semantic approach to truth. Often, semantic constructions have guided the development of axiomatic theories and certain axiomatic theories have been claimed to capture a semantic construction. We ask under which conditions an axiomatic theory captures a semantic construction. After discussing some potential criteria, we focus on the criterion of N-categoricity and discuss its usefulness and limits.

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Recent studies provide promising methodological advances in the use of pupillometry as on-line measurement of cognitive processes and show that visual attention allocation, mind-wandering, mental imagery, and even rhyme expectations can influence the size of the human pupil.

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