As a result of damage from the 2010 Chile and 2011 Japanese teletsunamis, tsunami risk to small craft marinas along the West Coast of the United States has become an important concern. This paper outlines an assessment tool that can be used to quantify the tsunami damage potential in small craft harbors. The methodology is based on the demand and capacity of a floating dock system and uses a Monte Carlo framework to address the uncertainty of input parameters. Detailed numerical modeling and damage calibration data from recent tsunamis are used to benchmark the approach. Results are provided as fragility curves and give a quantitative assessment of survivability. This tool yields an indication as to the survivability and/or failure of a floating dock system of vessels and floating components/piles subject to tsunami events. The objective of the presented effort is to quickly evaluate whether a floating dock is likely to survive or be destroyed by a particular tsunami scenario.
No abstract
The Marine Oil Terminal Engineering and Maintenance Standards (MOTEMS) became an enforceable part of the California Building Code on February 6, 2006. Engineering audits for high risk marine oil terminals must be completed by August 6, 2008. High risk facilities are determined by the total volume of flowing and stored oil; lower risk levels are determined based on the number of transfers per year and the maximum size of vessels that may call on the terminal. The MOTEMS are currently being used for new design and construction. A number of updates are currently being proposed, including a reduction in run-up heights for potential tsunamis in the San Francisco Bay, a new methodology to calculate forces on moored vessels, from passing vessels and a new equation to determine design loads for multiple quick release mooring hooks. Currently under development is a new, alternate method to determine the structural performance of wharf/pier structures. This new methodology should be completed in late 2007.
For the past 12 years, the California State Lands Commission has been involved in the operational monitoring, structural inspection and requalification of 45 marine oil terminals along California's coast, which have an average age of about 50 years and plans to keep these structures in service for another 20-40 years. Having seen the port and harbor damage from the 1995 Kobe and 1999 Izmit earthquakes, the potential for a major disruption in petroleum product production is real. Losing the daily gasoline production for a period of weeks or months as a result of a moderate earthquake or tsunami could significantly affect the economic well being of California and much of the western United States. In addition, a major oil spill resulting from such an event could cause the closure of a major port for days or even weeks. Such a closure would further affect the economy of California and the United States. Most of these facilities were designed to primitive seismic standards and for vessels much smaller than those currently moored. Many of these structures have never had a comprehensive underwater inspection. Wind and current forces on large tank ships can cause mooring lines to break or cause serious structural damage to supporting structures. In California, non-regulatory progress has been made in the following areas: (i) underwater and above water inspections or audits; (ii) mooring analyses and structural/environmental monitoring in high velocity current areas; (iii) seismic analyses and structural rehabilitation with updated seismic hazard data; and (iv) accelerometers on marine structures. In addition, standards have been developed and are proposed to be regulatory by early 2004. The new standards include most of the items listed above, but also extend into many other areas. Along with the proposed regulations come many issues that raise economic and political questions. These issues are not unique to marine oil terminals and are applicable to other pier and wharf structures in harbors.
Lifeline systems in the Andaman and Nicobar islands performed poorly during the December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and tsunami. Several power stations and transmission lines were damaged by the ground shaking, affecting the electric power supply to parts of the islands. Telecommunication services were severely affected because of destruction of several telephone exchanges. These services were restored quickly by government agencies. The dams and reservoirs, which supply potable water, sustained minor damage from ground shaking. However, segmented pipelines connecting the dams and reservoirs to various storage sites broke at several places, which significantly affected the water supply for a few days. Ground shaking damaged several elevated as well as ground-supported storage tanks. Damage related to tsunami waves was substantial in the 500–1,000- m strip immediately next to the coastline.
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