One of the most acute problems of agriculture in the Republic of Tatarstan in modern conditions is the progressive degradation of soil cover. Every year the scale of water erosion increases, causing huge damage not only to agriculture, but also to large and small rivers of the region. The territory of the republic is characterized by a large dissection, which serves as the basis of soil erosion. The research was carried out to analyze the impact of soil erosion on the efficiency of agricultural production and the development of science-based measures to combat soil erosion in agriculture of the Republic of Tatarstan. In general, in the subject of the Federation it is necessary to carry out erosion control works on the area of more than 2 million hectares of agricultural land. Every year spring melt water and storm water runoff on average washes away up to 22 tons of fertile soil from one hectare of arable land, which leads to an annual loss of up to 700 thousand tons of humus in the scale of the Republic of Tatarstan. This is comparable to the introduction of 10 million tons of organic fertilizers. Complex of anti-erosion measures depending on the relief and objective conditions of terrain includes organizational-economic, agromeliorative, forest-meliorative and hydromeliorative works, which ensure effective regulation of storm and melt water runoff, increase moisture reserve in soil cover and reduce washout of fertile soil layer, prevent new and expansion and spread of existing erosion centers and thereby contribute to improvement of fertility of agricultural lands. Thus, in the course of scientific research it is established that on average in the Republic of Tatarstan one set of anti-erosion measures protects up to 120 hectares of land from further development of erosion processes. The cost of the complex of anti-erosion measures, including anti-erosion pond - 2.5 million rubles, the payback period is 2 years.
The use of biological pesticides for protecting plants from various infectious diseases and controlling abiotic stresses is becoming increasingly widespread in various agricultural crops. However, the effectiveness of biological plant protection is strongly dependent on various factors, in particular on weather conditions. To increase the impact of the use of biological products in plant protection against diseases, it is necessary to search for new approaches. One of the ways to increase the return on the use of biological products is the use of special adaptogens that increase the resistance of biological agents of biopesticides to the negative influence of the external environment. The Kazan State Agrarian University developed an adaptogen for bioagents of biological products based on alcohol extracts of millet. In 2019, on spring barley, the use of their mixtures with an adaptogen when spraying with biological products made it possible to increase the yield per 1,75 t / ha in comparison with the control and per 0,36 t / ha when using only biological products. At the same time, the effectiveness of control of the main leaf mycoses increased. In 2020, studies were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of biological products with the addition of the silicon-containing mineral diatomite when spraying barley plants. It has been established that the use of such formulations makes it possible to increase the productivity of plants, enhance the effectiveness of pathogen control in comparison with a standard biofungicide
Research with the aim of developing and implementing highly effective methods of surface improvement of floodplain meadows with partial preservation of old herbage and sowing of new perennial grasses based on the widespread use of modern integrated agricultural machines and implements was carried out in 2016-2020 in the Republic of Tatarstan. The scheme of the experiment included the following options: processing of the sod of the floodplain meadow (factor A) – without processing; disking BDN 4 ×4 + flat-cutting processing to a depth of 22 ...24 cm KPG-2-150; processing with a universal cultivator-planar cutter with piercing action harrows (KPU-5,4) of the Perm Machine-Building Plant; processing with a cultivator-planar cutter equipped with a perforating action harrow (KPBL-3) of the Kazan State Agrarian University design; sowing of perennial grasses and mineral fertilizers (factor B) – without sowing and without fertilizers; sowing of alfalfa-stalk grass mixture at the rate of 12 kg/ha (6 million pcs/ha of germinating seeds) in combination with annual application in spring N45P20K45. The control was a natural grass stand without processing, without sowing and without applying mineral fertilizers. The results of the research have shown high efficiency of the complex application of the following agrotechnical techniques: layer-by-layer tillage using a cultivator-planer equipped with a perforating action harrow (KPBL-3), sowing seeds of perennial grasses and annual spring fertilizing N45P20K45. At the same time, the yield of the green mass of the floodplain meadow increases by 2.74 times compared to the original herbage, the profitability of feed production is 73.6%, the cost price is reduced to 6910 rubles. at the selling price for 1000 feed units, 12,000 rubles. The total energy costs for surface improvement of the floodplain meadow increase from 18.4 in the control variant to 21.6 GJ/ha, however, the accumulation of exchange energy in feed outstrips these costs by 3.2 times.
Corn in the forest-steppe zone of the Russian Federation, which includes the Republic of Tatarstan, is the main fodder crop, the yield of which directly depends on the moisture content of a particular growing season and the nutritional background. The above-mentioned limiting factors for increasing the productivity of fodder corn can be easily controlled by the agrotechnical methods described in this paper. The results of the research showed the high efficiency of irrigation and the introduction of calculated fertilizer rates in combination with foliar feeding of the Isagri Force plant 6 l / ha in the phase of 4-6 pairs of true corn leaves. At the same time, the stem density increased from 51.1 thousand pcs/ha in the control to 59.5 thousand pcs/ha in the NPK variant by 60 t/ha + Isagri Force 6l/ha. Moreover, in the variant of applying mineral fertilizers with the expectation of obtaining 60 t/ha of green mass, the yield of green mass of the Nur hybrid was 61.4 t/ha, and the VNII hybrids 64.1 t/ha, which is higher than the control by 66.8 and 67.8% respectively. Additional foliar top dressing Izagri Force with the content of easily digestible amino acids and a complex of chelate forms of microfertilizers providing additional production from each hectare of 1.3 green mass of the studied Nur and Ross 140 corn hybrids.
Corn is a valuable food and technical crop and almost all its parts are used in different branches of industry which cannot do without corn grains and pulp and paper mills use its leaves and stems. In addition, the crop has important agronomic importance in controlling field weeds. It is one of the most important cereal crops in world agriculture. As a high-yielding crop, it plays an important role in fodder production. A powerful reserve for increasing corn yields is mineral fertilizers, as well as the widespread introduction of new zoned varieties and hybrids of corn into production. This article presents the influence of organic and mineral fertilizers with macro-, micro-, complex fertilizers and growth regulators on corn yield and production. Sufficient nutrients are necessary to obtain high yields. Various growth-promoting substances are also used in modern agricultural practice. They improve seed germination and germination energy, accelerate plant growth, plant development and increase yield. Using special mixtures of fertilizers for corn concentrates all the necessary complexes of nutrients. The necessary complex of nutrients is applied in one step, which reduces the unevenness of fertilization. Spraying of combined fertilizers containing microelements and growth regulators before sowing increases plant resistance to adverse weather conditions. The use of combined compositions of NPK fertilizers allows the development of resource-saving systems and reduces the cost of fertilizers.
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