For the operation of electrical distribution system an increased shift towards smart grid operation can be observed. This shift provides operators with a high level of reliability and efficiency when dealing with highly dynamic distribution grids. Technically, this implies that the support for a bidirectional flow of data is critical to realizing smart grid operation, culminating in the demand for equipping grid entities (such as sensors) with communication and processing capabilities. Unfortunately, the retrofitting of brown-field electric substations in distribution grids with these capabilities is not straightforward-this scenario requires a solution that provides "industry-grade" Internet of Things capabilities at "consumer-grade" prices (e.g., off-the-shelf communication standards and hardware). In this paper, we discuss the particular challenge of precisely timesynchronized wireless data collection in secondary substations that at the same time supports on-site configuration by authorized maintenance personnel through a mobile application: to achieve this, we propose a combined implementation of IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy.
Targeting dependable communications for industrial Internet of Things applications, IETF 6TiSCH provides mechanisms for efficient scheduling, routing, and forwarding of IPv6 traffic across low-power mesh networks. Yet, despite an overwhelming body of literature covering both centralized and distributed scheduling schemes for 6TiSCH, an effective control solution for large-scale multi-hop mesh networks remains an open challenge. Our paper fills this gap with a novel approach that eliminates much of the routing and link-layer overhead incurred by centralized schedulers, and provides a robust mechanism for data dissemination synchronization within 6TiSCH. Specifically, we leverage the physical layer (PHY) switching capabilities of modern low-power wireless platforms to build on recent work demonstrating the viability of Concurrent Transmission (CT)-based flooding protocols across the Bluetooth 5 (BT 5) PHYs. By switching the PHY and MAC layer at runtime, we inject a BT 5-based CT flood within a standard IEEE 802.15.4 TSCH slotframe, thereby providing a reliable, low-latency scheme for 6TiSCH control messaging. We present an analytical model and experimental evaluation showing how our solution not only exploits the BT 5 high data-rate PHYs for rapid data dissemination, but can also provide reliable 6TiSCH association and synchronization even under external radio interference. We further discuss how the proposed technique can be used to address other open challenges within the standard.
The popularity of concurrent transmissions (CT) has soared after recent studies have shown their feasibility on the four physical layers specified by BLE 5, hence providing an alternative to the use of IEEE 802.15.4 for the design of reliable and efficient low-power wireless protocols. However, to date, the extent to which physical layer properties affect the performance of CT has not yet been investigated in detail. This paper fills this gap and provides the first extensive study on the impact of the physical layer on CT-based solutions using IEEE 802.15.4 and BLE 5. We first highlight through simulation how the impact of errors induced by de-synchronization and beating on the performance of CT highly depends on the choice of the underlying physical layer. We then confirm these observations experimentally on real hardware through an analysis of the bit error distribution across received packets, unveiling possible techniques to effectively handle these errors. We further study the performance of CTbased flooding protocols in the presence of radio interference on a large-scale, and derive important insights on how the used physical layer affects their dependability.1 Beating is a pulsating interference pattern between two or more signals at slightly different frequencies, as described in Sect. II.
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