Father involvement is an important contributor to child outcomes, including mental health, prosocial behavior, value systems, and long-term economic and social mobility. The objective of this study was to determine factors most predictive of father involvement. Self-identified fathers (n ϭ 93) with at least 1 child aged 0 -18 years, completed an online survey about personal expectations of father involvement and perceptions of one's own involvement, paternal self-efficacy, coparenting alliance, relationship satisfaction, and partner support for parenting. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that 2 factors predicted greater father involvement: paternal self-efficacy and personal expectations of father involvement. Relationship satisfaction and partner support for fathering were associated with father involvement, but did not remain predictors in the final model. Results indicated that intrinsic personal factors may be more predictive of father involvement than external relationship factors.

Purpose: Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is an intervention used to treat alcohol and nicotine dependence that delivers cue exposure therapy using a virtual reality environment; however, little is known about the effects of these interventions. Method: We used systematic review methods to examine the effects of VRET on alcohol or nicotine dependence, craving, and substance use with persons with current nicotine or alcohol dependence. We conducted a comprehensive search to retrieve published and unpublished intervention studies in 18 databases and other gray literature sources. Studies were screened, and data were extracted by two independent reviewers. Results: Five studies including 212 participants were included. Effects were found for alcohol and nicotine dependence and craving; however, significant methodological issues and high risk of bias were present across studies. Conclusion: Evidence of effects of VRET is sparse, and methodological flaws and gaps in reporting were identified. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

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Exposure based exercises are a common element of many gold standard treatments for anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder and virtual reality simulations have been evaluated as a platform for providing clients with opportunities for repeated exposure during treatment. Although research on virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) indicates effectiveness and high levels of user satisfaction, VRETs require a participant to complete exposure exercises in-offices with specialized equipment. The current exploratory case method study evaluates the experience and outcomes of one student veteran with social anxiety disorder and PTSD completing twelve sessions of VRET exposure using a mobile phone simulation of a virtual grocery store. The participant reported decreases in psychological symptoms, improvements in neurological connectivity, and better sleep quality upon completing the trial. Results suggest that VRET using a mobile application is feasible and warrants further research to evaluate effectiveness more fully. Implications include the use of a mobile based virtual reality simulation for intervening in social anxiety for student veterans.

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