To explore how gender role research has been conducted among Latinas/os in the psychological literature, we conducted a content analysis of empirical studies in this area, emphasizing content areas, sample characteristics, and research methods. We incorporated database searches and reviews of relevant publication reference lists and tables of contents of journals that typically publish research on Latina/o samples. We used several search terms, such as gender role, sex role, Hispanic, Latino, machismo, and marianismo, and the following inclusion criteria: (a) published between 1982 and 2013; (b) published or translated into English; (c) empirically based; (d) psychologyfocused research questions; and (e) involving a majority of Latina/o participants.Studies that met these criteria (n ϭ 56) were categorized into 1 of the following content areas: gender role attitudes, beliefs, and identity (n ϭ 14); personality functioning (11); education, career, and work (9); interpersonal relationships (9); acculturation (8); and instrument development ( 5). We also analyzed the types of methods researchers used, which included qualitative methods, quantitative methods involving either the use of common instruments (e.g., Bem Scale, Attitudes Toward Women), or culturally based instruments (e.g., Machismo Measure, Marianismo Beliefs Scale), and mixed methods, involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. Findings also included descriptions of sample characteristics (i.e., gender, age, race, ethnicity, sample size). Implications for future research are discussed relative to the impact of gender role conceptualizations on findings, such as cultural (e.g., machismo, marianismo) or egalitarian perspectives and the need to develop more rigorous, culturally based gender role measures.

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Background Depression is under-recognized in Black men, who are less likely to seek or have access to psychiatric treatment. Resistance training (RT; i.e., weight lifting) can improve depressive symptoms and may be more acceptable to Black men, but its effects have not been examined for Black men with depressive symptoms. Methods Fifty Black men with depressive symptoms were randomized to either (a) 12 weeks of RT (coupled with Behavioral Activation techniques to promote adherence) or (b) an attention-control group (Health, Wellness, and Education; HWE). Both groups met twice/week for 12 weeks, and follow-up assessments were done at end-of-treatment (EOT) and 6 months after enrollment. Changes in physical activity and muscular strength were collected as a manipulation check. The primary outcome was interviewer assessed symptoms of depression using the Quick Inventory of Depression Symptomology (QIDS). Secondary outcomes included self-reported depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress. The association between change in QIDS from baseline to EOT and concurrent changes in physical activity and muscular strength in the RT group were explored as an initial assessment of mechanism. Longitudinal mixed effects regression models with subject-specific intercepts were used to examine intervention effects. Results A sample with high rates of medical comorbidities (e.g., 44% HIV positive), substance use (e.g., 34% smoking), and negative social determinates of health (e.g., 50% unemployed) was enrolled. Recruitment, engagement, and retention data indicate that the intervention and design were feasible. The RT group showed greater gains in self-reported exercise (b = 270.94, SE = 105.69, p = .01) and muscular strength (b = 11.71, SE = 4.23, p = .01 for upper body and b = 4.24, SE = 2.02, p = .04 for lower body) than the HWE group. The RT group had greater reductions in QIDS scores at both EOT (b = -3.00, SE = 1.34, p = .01) and 6 months (b = -2.63, SE = 1.81, p = .04). The RT group showed a greater reduction in anxiety at EOT (b = -2.67, SE = 1.06, p = .02). Findings regarding self-reported depressive symptoms and stress were non-significant, but in the expected direction with effect sizes in the small to medium range. In the RT group, improvement on the QIDS between baseline and EOT was associated with concurrent improvements in physical activity (b = 21.03, SE = 11.16, p = .02) and muscular strength (b = 1.27, SE = .44, p = .03 for upper body and b = .75, SE = .14, p = .03 for lower body). Conclusions Results suggest that RT is feasible and may be efficacious for reducing depressive symptoms among underserved urban Black men. Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov #: NCT03107039 (Registered 11/04/2017).

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