Exercise behavior and gender-related differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms

Whitworth, James W.; SantaBarbara, Nicholas J.; Nosrat, Sanaz; Labrec, Jordan E.; Louie, Mark E.; Ciccolo, Joseph T.

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.07.008

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This approach, defined as compartmentalization, could cause the masking of distress in athletes [ 57 , 58 ]. Moreover, repeated exposure to exercise enhanced stress coping abilities and reduced negative cognitive appraisals [ 59 ]. Middle-level athletes showed significantly higher levels of hyperarousal than the high-level athletes (p = 0.012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A national COVID-19 quarantine survey and its impact on the Italian sports community: Implications and recommendations

et al. 2021

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The outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) created an international public health emergency, challenging the psychological resilience of the general population. Regarding this matter, a web-based survey was performed. Data were collected from the following 1,668 self-selected volunteers: 800 athletes (28.30 ± 10.93 years old); 558 coaches (36.91 ± 11.93 years old); and 310 sports managers (42.07 ± 13.38 years old). To assess the level of psychological stress, an Impact of the Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) questionnaire was used. The results indicated that 34.4% of the participants who were interviewed were affected by subjective distress while 26.4% rated their psychological impact from the sports activity interruption as severe. Separated one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests showed significant differences in the IES-R total score (TS), indicating that the level of stress in terms of gender revealed that women were more stressed than men (p = 0.000), for “sports roles” in which the manager and coaches were more stressed than the athletes (p < 0.05), and “type of sport” in which fitness and individual athletes were more stressed than team athletes (p < 0.01). The middle-level athletes showed significantly more hyperarousal levels than high-level athletes (p = 0.012). The results of this survey may raise awareness of this problem and help athletic associations to have appropriate guidelines in order to better sustain their memberships and organize an optimal resumption of their sports activities. Along these lines, social interactions, which are typical of team sports, are crucial to warrant resilience and psychological health. The athletes by managing independently the new rules and measures, thanks to a clear communication, could improve their adaptive stress reaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A national COVID-19 quarantine survey and its impact on the Italian sports community: Implications and recommendations

et al. 2021

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“…The sports practice, in which athletes usually deal with stressful situations, such as competitive events, leads to achieving skills to manage anxiety and self-control in daily life. The athletes' repeated exposure to exercise may have led to a stress response system adaptation and a negative cognitive appraisals reduction [43], according to other findings that considered physical activity and stress relationships within improving wellbeing outcomes via exercise [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes

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Baralla

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak caused home confinement, as well as training and sport competitions withdrawals. The prolonged inactivity impact, and lack of in-person interactions among teammates-coaches, could negatively affect athletes. Total of 1508 self-selected Italian athletes, 338 children (aged 10.52 ± 1.31), 499 adolescents (aged 14.17 ± 1.13), and 671 adults (aged 27.59 ± 10.73), completed the Impact of Event Scale (IES-8, IES-15, and IES-R, respectively). Differences by gender, type of sport (individual vs. team), and competitive level (elite vs. amateur) were examined. One-way ANOVAs showed, in adults, significant differences between genders for perceived stress impact total score (TS; p = 0.017) and avoidance behavior, with higher scores in women (p = 0.045). Between individual and team sport, significant differences were found in TS (p = 0.038) and hyperarousal (p = 0.030), with higher results in individual. Adult elite athletes showed significantly higher scores in hyperarousal (p = 0.020) than amateurs. Significant differences were found between gender in adolescents for avoidance (p = 0.011), and between competitive levels in children, for intrusion (p = 0.020). These evidences may raise awareness on distress effects of COVID-19 lockdown among athletes and suggested applying specific well-being protocols during the activity resumption, considering gender, type of sport, and competitive level.

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“…Reluctance to train with full intensity, protecting/guarding a past injury site, suboptimal performance and other unanticipated rehabilitation complications are potential indicators of underlying emotional distress and maladaptive coping styles 1. There can be gender and racial differences in addition to individual differences in coping styles 23…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review

et al. 2019

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This narrative review examines post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related disorders—mental health conditions with complex diagnosis and treatment considerations—in elite athletes. Athletes may exhibit greater rates of PTSD (up to 13%–25% in some athlete populations) and other trauma-related disorders relative to the general population. We describe common inciting events leading to symptoms of PTSD in elite athletes, including trauma incurred in sports participation through direct physical injury, secondary/witnessed traumatic events, or abusive dynamics within sports teams. Symptoms of PTSD may significantly impact athletes’ psychosocial and sport-related function through avoidance, hypervigilance and dissociative behaviours, which, in turn, may delay recovery from musculoskeletal injury.While PTSD may be common among elite athletes, recognition by providers who do not routinely screen for trauma-related disorders may be challenging because of the tendency of athletes to mask symptoms of PTSD and other trauma-related disorders. Early identification of athletes suffering from trauma-related symptoms, including those of acute stress disorder, may prevent progression to PTSD, while treatment of athletes already meeting criteria for PTSD may improve life functioning and sports performance outcomes. Current evidence supports increasing awareness of PTSD in athletes and use of screening tools to identify athletes who may benefit from trauma-informed medical or psychotherapeutic interventions.

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Exercise behavior and gender-related differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

A national COVID-19 quarantine survey and its impact on the Italian sports community: Implications and recommendations

A national COVID-19 quarantine survey and its impact on the Italian sports community: Implications and recommendations

Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review

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