Given the immense harm inflicted on individuals and groups of color via prejudice and discrimination, it becomes imperative for our nation to begin the process of disrupting, dismantling, and disarming the constant onslaught of micro- and macroaggressions. For too long, acceptance, silence, passivity, and inaction have been the predominant, albeit ineffective, strategies for coping with microaggressions. Inaction does nothing but support and proliferate biased perpetrator behaviors which occur at individual, institutional and societal levels. This article introduces a new strategic framework developed for addressing microaggressions that moves beyond coping and survival to concrete action steps and dialogues that targets, allies, and bystanders can perform (microinterventions). A review of responses to racist acts, suggest that microaggression reactions/interventions may be primarily to (a) remain passive, retreat, or give up; (b) strike back or hurt the aggressor; (c) stop, diminish, deflect, or put an end to the harmful act; (d) educate the perpetrator; (e) validate and support the targets; (f) act as an ally; (g) seek social support; (h) enlist outside authority or institutional intervention; or (h) achieve any combination of these objectives. We organize these responses into four major strategic goals of microinterventions: (a) make the invisible visible, (b) disarm the microaggression, (c) educate the perpetrator, and (d) seek external reinforcement or support. The objectives and rationale for each goal are discussed, along with specific microintervention tactics to employ and examples of how they are executed.

To explore how gender role research has been conducted among Latinas/os in the psychological literature, we conducted a content analysis of empirical studies in this area, emphasizing content areas, sample characteristics, and research methods. We incorporated database searches and reviews of relevant publication reference lists and tables of contents of journals that typically publish research on Latina/o samples. We used several search terms, such as gender role, sex role, Hispanic, Latino, machismo, and marianismo, and the following inclusion criteria: (a) published between 1982 and 2013; (b) published or translated into English; (c) empirically based; (d) psychologyfocused research questions; and (e) involving a majority of Latina/o participants.Studies that met these criteria (n ϭ 56) were categorized into 1 of the following content areas: gender role attitudes, beliefs, and identity (n ϭ 14); personality functioning (11); education, career, and work (9); interpersonal relationships (9); acculturation (8); and instrument development ( 5). We also analyzed the types of methods researchers used, which included qualitative methods, quantitative methods involving either the use of common instruments (e.g., Bem Scale, Attitudes Toward Women), or culturally based instruments (e.g., Machismo Measure, Marianismo Beliefs Scale), and mixed methods, involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. Findings also included descriptions of sample characteristics (i.e., gender, age, race, ethnicity, sample size). Implications for future research are discussed relative to the impact of gender role conceptualizations on findings, such as cultural (e.g., machismo, marianismo) or egalitarian perspectives and the need to develop more rigorous, culturally based gender role measures.

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