Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths).According to WHO estimates for 2011, cancer now causes more deaths than all coronary heart disease or all stroke.1 The continuing global demographic and epidemiologic transitions signal an ever-increasing cancer burden over the next decades, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMIC), with over 20 million new cancer cases expected annually as early as 2025.2 The GLOBOCAN estimates for 2012 3 aim to provide the evidence and impetus for developing resource-contingent strategies to reduce the cancer burden worldwide.We review here the fifth version of GLOBOCAN, the sources and methods used in compiling cancer incidence and mortality estimates for 2012 in 184 countries worldwide, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site. The basic units for estimation are countries, although we present the results globally, by level of development and for aggregated regions, as defined by the United Nations. 4 Such estimates have been prepared for 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined and by sex. While the methods of estimation have been refined over time, they still rely upon the best available data on cancer incidence and mortality at the national level in assembling regional and global profiles. Facilities for the tabulation and graphical visualisation of the full dataset of 184 countries and 30 world regions by sex can be accessed via the GLOBOCAN homepage (http://globocan.iarc.fr).To document the methods used in compiling the estimates and guide users as to their validity, we introduce an alphanumeric scoring system that provides information on the availability and quality of the incidence and mortality sources at the country level. DataIncidence data derive from population-based cancer registries (PBCR). Although PBCR may cover national populations, more often they cover smaller, subnational areas, and, particularly in countries undergoing development, only selected urban areas. In 2006, about 21% of the world population was covered by PBCR, with sparse registration in Asia (8% of the total population) and in Africa (11%). 5 In terms of what is considered data of high quality (for example, those included in the latest volume (X) of the IARC Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) series 6 ), these percentages are even lower: only 14% of the world population is covered by...

American Cancer Society; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Swiss Re; Swiss Cancer Research foundation; Swiss Cancer League; Institut National du Cancer; La Ligue Contre le Cancer; Rossy Family Foundation; US National Cancer Institute; and the Susan G Komen Foundation.

The Brazilian Population-Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) was started in 1967; today there are 20 PBCRs in Brazil. We report the first descriptive analysis of the incidence of childhood cancer based on data from 14 PBCRs, corresponding to 15% of the child and adolescent population in Brazil. Data were obtained from registry databases, including information on population coverage and data quality indicators. The International Classification of Childhood Cancer was used. Age-adjusted rates were calculated by world population. Incidence by cancer registry, age, sex, and cancer type were calculated per 1,000,000 children. Age-adjusted rates per 1,000,000 children/adolescents ranged from 92 to 220 among the 14 PBCRs. The principal groups of cancers were leukemia, lymphoma and central nervous tumors. The median incidence rate of childhood cancer in the 14 PBCRs was 154.3 per million; children 1-4 years of age had the highest incidence rates. The Brazilian PBCRs provide important information about pediatric cancer incidence in an emerging country. The observed incidence rates of childhood leukemia were similar to previous reported rates, and the age-specific incidence rates of retinoblastoma (0-4 years of age) were higher than those for developed countries. These data can be used as baseline incidence rates of childhood and adolescent cancer in Brazil in future epidemiological studies.

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Hybridization footprint suggests introgression with local wild relatives in Western European grape varieties.

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Introduction: Tobacco use is directly related to the future incidence of lung cancer. In Brazil, a growing tendency in age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rates was observed in recent years. Objective: To describe the profile of patients with lung cancer diagnosed and treated at the National Cancer Institute (INCA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2000 and 2007 according to their smoking status. Methods: An observational study was conducted using INCA's database of cancer cases. To assess whether the observed differences among the categories of sociodemographic variables, characterization of the tumor, and assistance -pertaining to smokers and non-smokers -were statistically significant, a chi-square test was applied. A multiple correspondence analysis was carried out to identify the main characteristics of smokers and non-smokers. Results: There was a prevalence of smokers (90.5% of 1131 patients included in the study). The first two dimensions of the multivariate analysis explained 72.8% of data variability. Four groups of patients were identified, namely smokers, non-smokers, small-cell tumors, and tumors in early stages. Conclusion: Smoking cessation must be stimulated in a disseminated manner in the population in order to avoid new cases of lung cancer. The Tumors in Initial Stages Group stood out with greater chances of cure.

Background: Dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, which much of heritability remains unexplained. At the clinical level, one of the most common physiological alterations is the slowing of oscillatory brain activity, measurable by electroencephalography (EEG). Relative power (RP) at the conventional frequency bands (i.e., delta, theta, alpha, beta-1, and beta-2) can be considered as AD endophenotypes. Objective: The aim of this work is to analyze the association between sixteen genes previously related with AD: APOE, PICALM, CLU, BCHE, CETP, CR1, SLC6A3, GRIN2 β, SORL1, TOMM40, GSK3 β, UNC5C, OPRD1, NAV2, HOMER2, and IL1RAP, and the slowing of the brain activity, assessed by means of RP at the aforementioned frequency bands. Methods: An Iberian cohort of 45 elderly controls, 45 individuals with mild cognitive impairment, and 109 AD patients in the three stages of the disease was considered. Genomic information and brain activity of each subject were analyzed. Results: The slowing of brain activity was observed in carriers of risk alleles in IL1RAP (rs10212109, rs9823517, rs4687150), UNC5C (rs17024131), and NAV2 (rs1425227, rs862785) genes, regardless of the disease status and situation towards the strongest risk factors: age, sex, and APOE ɛ4 presence. Conclusion: Endophenotypes reduce the complexity of the general phenotype and genetic variants with a major effect on those specific traits may be then identified. The found associations in this work are novel and may contribute to the comprehension of AD pathogenesis, each with a different biological role, and influencing multiple factors involved in brain physiology.