En este trabajo se presenta una lista actualizada de las especies de mamíferos terrestres de Oaxaca. Se analizó la riqueza acumulada, los patrones espaciales de riqueza, endemismo, estado de conservación y la diversidad beta taxonómica. La información proviene de recolectas recientes y se complementa con los registros de ejemplares depositados en colecciones científicas y de literatura especializada. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que a partir de la década de 1960 se incrementó el esfuerzo de recolecta; actualmente se conocen 28,060 registros. La composición taxonómica en Oaxaca está representada por 216 especies, incluyendo 48 monotípicas y 168 politípicas con 209 subespecies; esto suma un total de 257 taxones. La mayor riqueza de especies se registró en las subprovincias fisiográficas: Sierra Madre de Oaxaca (154), Planicie Costera de Tehuantepec (135) y Sierra Madre del Sur (127). La baja similitud taxonómica entre subprovincias (0.36-0.82) explica la elevada diversidad de mamíferos en Oaxaca. Derechos Reservados © 2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Resumen. En Oaxaca son escasos los registros que se conocen del jaguar (Panthera onca), por lo que en este trabajo se actualiza su distribución geográfica y genera un modelo de distribución potencial de la especie en el estado. Se revisaron literatura y bases de datos de colecciones científicas nacionales y extranjeras y se realizó trabajo de campo. Se obtuvieron 31 registros; de éstos, el 83.87% son del trabajo de campo y el 16.13% de la literatura y colecciones científicas. Los registros pertenecen a la clase I de veracidad; son principalmente cráneos y pieles (48.39%), huellas y excrementos (25.81%), en su mayoría de las regiones

Successful community-based wildlife monitoring necessitates a high degree of local participation during sampling design and data collection. Here, we describe a community-based monitoring framework to estimate density and habitat use of the threatened jaguar (Panthera onca) in tropical montane forests in the Chinantla region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Community-based monitoring was completed involving integration with local communities, local governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and academic institutions. In a camera-trap survey (37 stations, 2,553 trap-days), we recorded eight adult jaguars across 182.7 km 2 of montane forest. Spatially explicit capture-recapture models estimated a density of 1.15 jaguars per 100 km 2 (CI ¼ 0.55-2.38) using a more traditional likelihood-based method and 1.16 jaguars per 100 km 2 (CI ¼ 0.89-1.57) using Bayesian methods. The locations of jaguar captures and their habitat use appeared to be influenced by normalized vegetation index and capture rate of prey. Density estimates in the Chinantla region were lower than recorded for other lowland populations in Mexico but were consistent with elevation-based and latitudinal gradients across the range of the species. The community-based monitoring of jaguars increased the communication and interaction of local community groups, stakeholders, and academic institutions. It also provided participants with an increased knowledge of wildlife identification, transferable skills, wildlife appreciation, and an interest in reaching compromises to achieve habitat conservation. Our study provides a framework for the execution of community-based monitoring for large carnivores in Mexico and can be readily replicated and applied to other threatened species.

Studies on diversity of animal communities allow determination of their species richness and composition.  This information is particularly relevant to establish sound conservation programs in biosphere reserves, where human activities should be focused on the sustainable use of natural resources and ensure biodiversity protection.  This study estimated the diversity and species richness and determined the species composition and activity patterns of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (LTBR) located in Veracruz, Mexico.  We set 18 camera traps to record medium and large-sized terrestrial mammals from August 2016 to January 2017.  We calculated the trapping rate, guilds, and activity patterns of species.  Diversity was estimated with Hill numbers.  We compared our estimates with other studies in tropical forest in Mexico.  We obtained 308 independent captures of 13 species; Cuniculus paca and Dasyprocta mexicana were the species with the highest trapping rate.  Order-0, order-1, and order-2 diversity values were 13.99, 6.50, and 4.75 effective species, respectively, which ranks LTBR the fourth-most diverse reserve of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals compared to six other tropical rainforest sites in southern Mexico.  We recorded mammals representing five trophic guilds, of which frugivore-folivores (five species) and omnivores (three species) ranked highest.  All recorded species were primarily nocturnal (six species) or diurnal (six species).  Tamandua mexicana, Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, and Eira barbara are listed as endangered in the Mexican Official Standard Norm NOM-059-2019, and L. wiedii is listed as near threatened in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  We were able to record 40.6 % of the terrestrial mammal species known to inhabit the LTBR.  The absence of large-sized species such as large predators and herbivores was notable.  Comparison of medium and large-sized mammal diversity of camera trapping studies in Mexico show that landscape degradation is impoverishing terrestrial mammal communities.

Biodiversity is multidimensional and different mechanisms can influence different dimensions. The spatial distribution of these dimensions can help in conservation decisions through the location of complementary areas with high diversity. We analyzed congruence in spatial patterns of species richness and functional diversity of cricetid rodents in the state of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, at different scales, and environmental variables related. Potential distribution models were produced for 49 species of cricetids in Maxent and superimposed to obtain potential communities in cells of 25, 50,100, 200 and 400 km 2 . We estimated species richness (SR) and functional diversity (SES.FD) eliminating the species richness effect through null models. The patterns and spatial congruence of species richness and functional diversity are described. The relationships between the environmental variables (elevation, temperature, precipitation, net primary productivity and potential evapotranspiration) and the SR and SES.FD were explored using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). The highest species richness was found in mountainous ecosystems while the highest functional diversity was in tropical forests, revealing a spatial incongruence among these components of biodiversity (r = -0.14, p = 0.42; Pearson correlation). The locations of the cells of low congruence varied according to spatial resolution. In univariate models, elevation was the variable that best explained species richness (R 2 = 0.77). No single variable explained the functional diversity; however, the models that included multiple environmental variables partially explained both the high and low functional diversity. The different patterns suggest that different historic, ecological and environmental processes could be responsible for the community structure of cricetid rodents in Oaxaca. These results indicate that one great challenge to be met to achieve more effective planning for biological conservation is to integrate knowledge regarding the spatial distribution of different dimensions of biodiversity.

ResumenEn este trabajo reportamos las especies de aves presentes en la Sierra de Cuatro Venados, centro-occidente de Oaxaca, México; las registramos mediante redes de niebla, búsqueda intensiva y revisión de literatura. Fueron 160 especies (38 familias y 12 órdenes), mismas que representan 21.5% de las especies reportadas para Oaxaca. Los registros de cinco especies representan un incremento en su distribución geográfica para las montañas del centro de Oaxaca. Del total de especies, el orden Passeriformes representó 67.5% de la riqueza específica y las familias Parulidae (10.6%) y Emberizidae (10.6%) fueron las más diversas. Alrededor de 85.0% de las especies son residentes y 13.7% corresponde a visitantes de invierno. Registramos 24 aves endémicas o cuasiendémicas a México y 13 especies protegidas por la legislación mexicana. La Sierra de Cuatro Venados posee una avifauna particular compuesta principalmente por especies afines a las montañas de las vertientes oceánicas del Atlántico y del Pacífico (41.2%) y de especies distribuidas ampliamente en el sur de México (36.9%). La importancia de la Sierra de Cuatro Venados radica en su posición como corredor de ambientes templados que conectan a las avifaunas del norte y sur de Oaxaca.Palabras clave: bosques templados, distribución geográfica, provincia Sierra Madre del Sur, zoogeografía. AbstractIn this work we report the bird species inhabiting the Sierra de Cuatro Venados, central-occidental Oaxaca, Mexico. We recorded the species through mist-netting, intensive search and literature review. We recorded 160 species (38 families and 12 orders), which represents 21.5% of the bird species reported for Oaxaca. Five species records represent increases in range extension within the central Oaxacan mountains. Passeriformes represented 67.5% of bird species richness, while the most diverse families were Parulidae (10.6%) and Emberizidae (10.6%). Approximately 85.0% of recorded species were residents and 13.7% were winter visitors. We recorded 24 endemic or cuasiendemic species to Mexico, and 13 were considered conservation concern. The avifauna of Sierra de Cuatro Venados mainly consists of montane species associated to the Atlantic and Pacific slopes (41.2%) and those with a wide distribution in southern Mexico (36.9%). The importance of the Sierra de Cuatro Venados lies in its geographic position and climate, providing a corridor of temperate habitats connecting the avifaunas of northern and southern Oaxaca.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), which permits reproduction, adaptation, and distribution provided the original author and source are credited. ResumenLa lechuza de campanario (Tyto alba) tiene una dieta flexible depredando presas en base a su disponibilidad. Sin embargo, poco se ha explorado en cuanto a la distribución por clases de edades de sus principales presas. En este trabajo, analizamos la diversidad de presas, amplitud de nicho y la frecuencia de edades de las presas de la lechuza de campanario a partir de egagrópilas colectadas en una cueva rodeada por encinares en la región central de Oaxaca, México. En egagrópilas completas y material disgregado se encontraron 12 taxones presa, principalmente mamíferos (83.33%). A partir del análisis de 69 egagrópilas completas se identificaron un total de 138 individuos de seis especies de mamíferos, de las cuales Heteromys irroratus y Reithrodontomys sp. representaron el 68.84%. En ambas especies las clases de edades III (subadultos) y IV (adultos) fueron las más frecuentes. El índice de amplitud del nicho trófico y la diversidad de presas fueron moderados, indicando una dieta casi especialista. Con base en los resultados y en revisión de literatura, se encontró que en México la lechuza de campanario basa su alimentación en roedores de los géneros Dipodomys, Perognatus, Chaetodipus, Heteromys, Peromyscus, Reithrodontomys y Sigmodon principalmente.

As well as being of global cultural importance (from local tribal folklore to being an iconic species for conservation), the tapir plays an important role in its ecosystem as a herbivore and seed disperser. However, the ecology and ethnozoology of the endangered Baird's tapir in the north of Oaxaca, Mexico is poorly understood. We used camera traps to estimate its relative abundance and density and to describe the activity patterns of the northernmost population of Baird's tapir in the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca. Local knowledge concerning the tapir was also documented, along with the conservation strategies undertaken by the 2 indigenous communities that own the land where the study site is located. Only adult tapirs were photographed, and these were active 14 h per day, but were mainly nocturnal and crepuscular. The estimated relative abundance (12.99 ± 2.24 events/1000 camera days) and density values (0.07-0.24 individuals/km(2) ) were both similar to those found in another site in Mexico located within a protected area. Semi-structured interviews revealed that people have a basic understanding of the eating habits, activity and main predators of the tapir. There were reports of hunting, although not among those respondents who regularly consume bush meat. Thus, the relative abundance and density estimates of tapir at the study site could be related to the favorable condition of the forest and the absence of hunting and consumption of tapir meat. Fortunately, the local people are conducting initiatives promoting the conservation of this ungulate and its habitat that combine to constitute a regional trend of habitat and wildlife protection.