No abstract

No abstract

ResumoO objetivo desse artigo foi levantar os principais fatores de risco de intoxicação por agrotóxicos a que os trabalhadores rurais estão expostos. É urgente que os profissionais envolvidos com atividades agrícola adotem medidas educativas e preventivas para minimização desses riscos. Os agrotóxicos são amplamente utilizados nas diversas culturas de importância econômica, proporcionando a produção de alimentos a um preço acessível, porém a utilização indiscriminada destes produtos pode causar danos a saúde humana, animal e ao meio ambiente, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, e.g. Brasil. As doenças ocupacionais e intoxicações acidentais são freqüentes, devido à dificuldade na utilização de equipamentos de segurança. Há, também, o problema da dificuldade da maioria dos trabalhadores rurais, compreenderem as instruções quanto ao uso seguro dos agrotóxicos, devido à baixa escolaridade. Assim, é necessário restringir o uso dos agrotóxicos mais perigosos, para reduzir os casos de intoxicação aguda, além de investir em programas preventivos de saúde. Palavras -chave: Agrotóxicos. Intoxicação. Trabalhador rural. AbstractThe aim of this article was to evaluate the main intoxication risk factors involving rural workers exposure to pesticides. The development of educational and prevention programs for workers involved in agricultural activities is of paramount importance for the reduction of these risks. Pesticides are widely employed by several economically important crops in most developing countries (e.g.Brazil), producing food at low cost; however, their indiscriminate use can be hazardous to animal and human health, as well as to the environment. Occupational illnesses and accidental poisoning are common since safety equipment in these countries are seldom available. In addition, most workers have difficulty reading the safety instructions on the products' label because of their low level of schooling. Therefore, to restrict access to most hazardous pesticides and to address this issue through preventive health programs are essential to the reduction in the number of acute poisoning cases. Keywords: Pesticides. Intoxication. Rural worker.1 Biólogas com Especialização em Biologia Aplicada à Saúde 2 Docente do Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia/CCE/UEL 3 Docente do Departamento de Ciências Patológicas/CCB/UEL, Disciplina de Imunologia -CCB -Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Autor para correspondência. E-mail: marioono@uel.br 4 Toxicodinâmica: Processo de interação de substâncias potencialmente tóxicas com os sítios alvos, e as conseqüências bioquímicas e fisiológicas que levam aos efeitos adversos. 5 Toxicocinética: Processo de absorção de substâncias potencialmente tóxicas pelo organismo, a biotransformação que elas sofrem, distribuição de substâncias e seus metabólitos nos tecicos, e a eliminação de substâncias e seus metabólitos pelo organismo.

Chemokines and their receptors regulate the trafficking of immune cells during their development, inflammation, and tissue repair. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1801157 (previously known as CXCL12-A/ stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1)-3'A) in CXCL12/SDF1 gene was assessed in breast cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), since the chemokine CXCL12, previously known as SDF1, and its receptor CXCR4 regulate leukocyte trafficking and many essential biological processes, including tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of different types of tumors. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism) using a restriction enzyme HpaII cleavage. No significant difference was observed in genotype distribution between breast cancer patients (GG: 57.3%; GA: 39.8%; AA: 2.9%) and healthy female controls (GG: 62.9%; GA: 33%; AA: 4.1%) nor between HL patients (GG: 61.1%; GA:27.8%; AA: 11.1%) and healthy controls (GG: 65.6%; GA: 28.9%; AA: 5.5%), whereas a significant difference was observed in genotype distribution between NHL patients (GG: 51.4%; GA: 47.1%; AA: 1.5%) and healthy controls (GG: 65.6%; GA: 28.9%; AA: 5.5%). Further studies will be necessary to elucidate the cancer chemokine network. However, this study suggests that CXCL12 rs1801157 polymorphism may have important implications in the pathogenesis of NHL.

Sera from 305 dogs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine presence of the antibody anti-gp43, which reacts to a specific antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The dogs were divided into three groups according to their origin: urban dogs (animals with little or no contact with rural areas); suburban dogs (from the urban outskirts); and rural dogs. There was a significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). Rural dogs reacted positively in 89.5% of cases, followed by suburban (48.8%) and urban dogs (14.8%). There were no differences between male and female dogs. In an attempt to verify the feasibility of skin testing with gp43 to determine sensitization against P. brasiliensis in dogs, suburban (n = 61) and rural (n = 21) dogs were tested, showing positivity of 13.1 and 38.1%, respectively. Six dogs that had higher ELISA titers and also showed strong reactions in skin testing were killed in an attempt to isolate P. brasiliensis. The fungus was not detected by culture or histopathological analysis in these dogs, suggesting that dogs have a natural resistance or that they encounter an inoculum level that is insufficient to cause disease. These results indicate that ELISA and skin testing can be useful in the epidemiological study of paracoccidioidomycosis in dogs and that encounter with the fungus in nature is a frequent event.

No abstract

The aim of this study was to detect antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in dogs seropositive and seronegative for leishmaniasis. Sera from 836 dogs (449 positive and 387 negative to leishmaniasis) were analysed by ELISA and the immunodiffusion test using gp43 and exoantigen, respectively. The analysis of the 836 serum samples by ELISA and the immunodiffusion test showed a positivity of 67.8 % and 7.3%, respectively, for P. brasiliensis infection. The dogs positive to leishmaniasis showed a higher reactivity to gp43 (79.9%) and exoantigen (12.7%) than the negative ones (54.0% and 1.0%, respectively). The higher reactivity to P. brasiliensis antigens may be due to cross-reactivity or a co-infection of dogs by Leishmania and P. brasiliensis. The lower correlation (0.187) observed between reactivity to gp43 and Leishmania antigen reinforces the latter hypothesis.

Zearalenone (ZEA) adsorption by a mixture of organic (yeast cell wall) and inorganic (activated charcoal) adsorbents was evaluated by an incomplete Box Behnken (33) statistical design with a quintuplicate at the central point. The variables analysed were different ratios of adsorbents (yeast cell wall and activated charcoal) at 100:0, 87.5:12.5 and 75:25, pH (3.0, 4.5 and 6.0) and ZEA concentrations (300, 750 and 1,200 ng/ml). The adsorbent mixture at 75:25 showed higher efficiency for ZEA adsorption (≯96.1%) than the 87.5:12.5 ratio (81.3 to 93.7%) and with the pure yeast cell wall (78.1 to 55.7%). The significant variables were the ratio of adsorbent mixture and ZEA concentration. The effect of pH was not significant (P=0.05), indicating that the binding between ZEA and the adsorbent would be stable at different pH (3.0, 4.5 and 6.0). The quadratic model obtained by the Box Behnken (33) design can be used for predictive purposes, because it showed a non-significant deviation (P=49.54%) and a good correlation coefficient (R2=0.98), suggesting that the ZEA adsorption would be maximum (100%) when the adsorbent mixture is set at 75:25 and the ZEA concentration at 300 ng/ml. Although the predictive model showed that an increase in adsorption efficiency could occur in a smaller ZEA concentration (300 ng/ml), the mixture at the 75:25 ratio presented high efficiency (≯98%) in adsorption when high ZEA concentrations were used (1,200 ng/ml), indicating that these mixtures would be able to adsorb a wide range of ZEA concentrations. Therefore, this mixture of yeast cell wall and activated charcoal adsorbents at 75:25 might be a candidate for further in vivo testing.