BackgroundThe physical inactivity pandemic and related non-communicable diseases have made it imperative for medical doctors (MDs) to effectively provide lifestyle counseling as part of prevention and treatment plans for patients. A one-day certification workshop was designed to improve MDs PA prescription knowledge, as part of the Exercise is Medicine® (EIM®) global health initiative. The objective was to determine knowledge gain of MDs participating in a standardized, one-day PA prescription workshop performed throughout Latin America (LA).MethodsA 20-question multiple-choice test on PA topics, based on international guidelines, was completed before and after the workshop. Pre and post-test analyses, without a control group, were performed on 1044 MDs after the 8-h workshop that was delivered 41 times across 12 LA countries, from January 2014 to January 2015. Knowledge improvement was determined using the class-average normalized gain and individual relative gain. T-tests with 95% confidence interval levels were conducted to analyze differences between MD specialties.ResultsTest scores improved on average from 67 to 82% after the workshop (p <0.001). The average total individual relative gain was 29% [CI: 26 to 32%]. Relative gain by country ranged from 9.3% [CI: 2 to 16%; Nicaragua] to 73% [CI: 47 to 98%; Dominican Republic]. The mean of the 41 workshops’ class-average normalized gain was 46% [CI: 42 to 51%]. The largest groups of participants were general practitioners (GPs) (33%; n = 348), internal medicine (19%; n = 194), and family medicine (9%n = 92) specialists. Relative gain for GPs was not different than for all grouped primary care specialties (30% vs. 27%, p =0.48). The knowledge gain was higher for the workshop modules on screening/risk stratification and prescription (43% [CI: 39–48%] and 38% [CI: 34–42%], than for the module on PA benefits and risks (26% [CI: 23–28%]).ConclusionThis one-day workshop had a positive impact on the knowledge gain of MD’s on the topic of PA prescription. Although all groups of specialties increased knowledge, GPs and family medicine MDs benefited the most. This short course is an effective continuing education strategy for teaching PA assessment, counseling and prescription to MDs in Latin America, a topic rarely included in the training of MD’s in the region and the world. Further follow-up is needed to ascertain impact on PA counseling practices.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3883-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This study explores the antecedents of usage intentions to use Facebook commerce from an asymmetric point of view. The methodology consists of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) asymmetric methods as well as structural equation methods (SEM). This study employs the SEM partial least squares analysis method to validate existing theories that examine the relationships between variables such as electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), trust, perceived value, and usability of the new technology discussed in this study. The results from the fuzzy-set QCA show that not all the variables are necessary conditions for influencing F-commerce usage intention, with the variables of usability × perceived value × trust being the most important for obtaining valid and useful results, while in SEM analysis, trust, perceived value and eWOM have been shown to be influential variables in usage intentions. The novelty of this study has to do with an analysis of a growing context such as e-commerce through Facebook, in order to contribute to its understanding so that such information is useful for the management of this context of social networks, for a better use in terms of trade, improving the effectiveness and efficiencies of management decisions.

Sports tourism has become a major tourist draw in recent decades. People are increasingly in favour of hosting such activities, given the many benefits it can bring to the community. The economic impact of such events is known but not the perceptions that residents have about this type of impact. Researchers also highlight the differences that the populations may have according to the geographical area where they are located and their influence on sports tourism activities. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate residents' perceptions of the economic impact of sports tourism according to the population of residence, differentiating between rural, urban and coastal populations. A total of 647 residents of Gran Canaria (Spain) completed a survey that analysed the residents' perceptions of the economic impact of sports tourism in the area. The results of this study indicate that residents have a high regard for the impacts associated with sports tourism and that perceptions do not vary greatly, depending on the population of residence of the respondents, as well as age and sex. Institutions responsible for planning and managing the sports tourism sector should pay attention to any relevant information provided, including residents' perceptions, to provide a better service to the sector.

El acoso escolar sigue siendo uno de los problemas más importantes que acontece en el ámbito educativo de países desarrollados. Todavía es un desafío conocer detalladamente los aspectos más importantes para su prevención y tratamiento. Para contribuir a este objetivo, el presente estudio pretende aportar información sobre el acoso escolar y su actuación frente a estas situaciones entre el alumnado, tanto sobre su propia percepción de las situaciones de acoso, como de su actitud frente a dichas acciones sobre otros compañeros. En este sentido, se ha realizado una comparativa para conocer si existen diferencias en estas actuaciones en función el género. Para ello 592 alumnos y alumnas españoles han sido analizados utilizando un instrumento validados previamente por la literatura. Según los resultados obtenidos, existen diferencias significativas entre chicos y chicas en algunas de las cuestiones analizadas sobre el acoso en clase, lo que nos permite conocer más el fenómeno del acoso. Finalmente se han expuesto implicaciones prácticas y estrategias para su posible intervención y tratamiento desde el ámbito escolar. Abstract. Bullying continues to be one of the most important problems occurring in the educational environment of developed countries. It is still a challenge to know in detail the most important aspects for its prevention and treatment. To contribute to this objective, the present study aims to provide information on bullying and its action in these situations among students, both on their own perception of bullying situations, as well as their attitude towards such actions on other classmates. In this sense, a comparative study was carried out to find out if there are differences in these actions according to gender. For this purpose, 592 Spanish male and female students were analysed using an instrument previously validated by the literature. According to the results obtained, there are significant differences between boys and girls in some of the questions analysed on bullying in class, which allows us to know more about the phenomenon of bullying. Finally, practical implications and strategies for possible intervention and treatment in the school environment have been presented.

El estudio analiza la actividad físico deportiva (en adelante AFD) de 632 chicas adolescentes de la isla de Tenerife, pertenecientes a 68 centros educativos. El objetivo, además de conocer dichos hábitos, fue comprobar la influencia que estos ejercen en su rendimiento académico, su autoestima y su autoconcepto. Los datos fueron recogidos a través del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ), la adaptación del cuestionario de autoconcepto físico para jóvenes (C-PSQ) y el cuestionario AF5. Los resultados confirman la influencia de la AFD en las variables comentadas, la relación entre los hábitos deportivos de los padres y madres y los de las hijas, la disminución de la práctica de AFD en la adolescencia frente a la infancia y la existencia de actividades que siguen marcadas por estereotipos de género. Esta información puede ser útil para desarrollar políticas deportivas públicas más adecuadas, que fomenten la AFD, reduzcan el abandono y sirvan para romper con los estereotipos de género, ofreciendo alternativas que permitan crear y consolidar hábitos deportivos saludables. Abstract. The study analyzed the physical sports activity (hereafter PSA) of 632 adolescent girls from the island of Tenerife, belonging to 68 educational centers. The objective, besides knowing these habits, was to check the influence of these habits on their academic performance, self-esteem and self-concept. The data were collected through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the adaptation of the physical self-concept questionnaire for young people (C-PSQ) and the AF5 questionnaire. The results confirm the influence of PSA on the aforementioned variables, the relationship between the sports habits of fathers and mothers and those of daughters, the decrease in the practice of PSA in adolescence compared to childhood, and the existence of activities that continue to be influenced by gender stereotypes. This information can be useful for developing more appropriate public sports policies that encourage PSA, reduce dropouts and contribute to breaking gender stereotypes, offering alternatives that allow the creation and consolidation of healthy sports habits.

La práctica físico-deportiva genera numerosos beneficios para la salud, siendo la adolescencia uno de los periodos clave para la adquisición de estos hábitos. Por consiguiente, la materia de Educación Física es un escenario ideal para ello, encontrándose relación entre diversas variables (motivación deportiva, importancia de la Educación Física y clima motivacional), con la continuidad de la práctica físico-deportiva. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que han analizado la influencia que tiene practicar deporte de forma federada o no federada en estas variables. Es por ello, que los objetivos de este estudio son conocer las diferencias existentes en la motivación deportiva, el clima motivacional en las clases de Educación Física y la importancia que se le otorga a las clases de Educación Física, teniendo en cuenta si el alumno está federado en algún deporte o no, y averiguar si existen diferencias en las variables predictoras de la motivación deportiva intrínseca y extrínseca, dependiendo de si están federados. Se ha analizado una muestra compuesta por 267 estudiantes de secundaria, utilizándose como instrumento de medida un cuestionario. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias en la motivación extrínseca y la importancia de la Educación Física según si los adolescentes practican deporte de forma federada o no. Además, aunque las variable predictoras de la motivación deportiva tanto intrínseca como extrínseca son las mismas para ambos grupos, la importancia de estas variables varía según si los adolescentes estaban federados o no. Por último, se presentan una serie de conclusiones e implicaciones prácticas para el diseño de las clases de Educación Física.Abstract. Physical-sports practice generates numerous health benefits, adolescence being one of the key periods for the acquisition of healthy habits. Therefore, the subject of Physical Education is an ideal scenario for it, as relations between diverse variables (sports motivation, importance of Physical Education and motivational climate) and the continuity of the physical-sports practice can be found in it. However, few studies have analysed the influence of practising sports in a federated or non-federated way on these variables. It is for this reason that the objectives of this study are: to know the existing differences in sports motivation, motivational climate in Physical Education classes, and importance given to Physical Education classes, taking into account whether the students are federated in any sport or not; and to find out whether there are differences in the variables predicting intrinsic and extrinsic sports motivation, depending on whether the students are federated. A sample of 267 secondary school students was analysed using a questionnaire as the measuring instrument. The results show that there are differences in the extrinsic motivation and importance of physical education depending on whether adolescents practice sport in a federated way or not. In addition, although the predictors of both intrinsic and extrinsic sports motivation are the same for both groups, the importance of these variables varies according to whether adolescents were federated or not. Finally, a series of conclusions and practical implications for the design of Physical Education classes are presented.

Los estilos de enseñanza-aprendizaje son un aspecto fundamental para garantizar el correcto aprendizaje de los alumnos. Es por ello, que los objetivos de este estudio son conocer los estilos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los tres agentes educativos (alumnos, profesores y familiares), y analizar qué factores influyen en las puntuaciones de los distintos estilos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de estos tres agentes educativos. Para ello, la muestra está compuesta por un total de 198 estudiantes de secundaria de un centro educativo de Castellón, 23 docentes que impartían clase a estos alumnos, y 104 padres y madres de estos alumnos. Los datos fueron recopilados a través de cuestionarios. Los resultados muestran que alumnos prefieren un estilo teórico, existiendo diferencias significativas entre la preferencia de los estilos según género, gusto por la Educación Física, y notas en esta materia (p<.05). Los profesores más jóvenes se decantan por un estilo de enseñanza activo, mientras que los más mayores suelen utilizar un estilo más estructurado, no influyendo su experiencia laboral (p>.05). El 49% de familiares prefieren un estilo más reflexivo en los centros, encontrándose relación entre la tendencia hacia la innovación y qué consideran importante en el aula, con los diferentes estilos (p<.05). Por tanto, los resultados señalan la discordancia en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje entre los diferentes agentes educativos. Es por ello, que los centros educativos deberían conocer su propia la realidad con el fin de mejorar el proceso la adquisición de conocimientos y, en consecuencia, el rendimiento académico de los alumnos/as. The teaching and learning styles are a fundamental aspect to guarantee the correct learning of the students. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to understand the teaching-learning styles of the three educational agents (students, teachers and family members), and to analyse which factors influence the scores of the different teaching-learning styles of these three educational agents. To this end, the sample is composed of a total of 198 secondary school students from a high school in Castellon, 23 teachers who taught these students, and 104 parents of these students. The data were collected in all cases through questionnaires. The students preferred a theoretical style, and there were significant differences between the preference of styles according to gender, taste for Physical Education, and grades in this subject (p<.05). Younger teachers opt for an active teaching style, while older ones tend to use a more structured style, not influencing their work experience (p>.05). 49% of family members prefer a more reflexive style in the educational centers, finding a relationship between the tendency towards innovation and what they consider important in the classroom, with the different styles (p<.05). Therefore, the results point out the discordance in the teaching-learning process between the different educational agents. Therefore, the educational centers should know their own reality. All this, with the aim of improving the process of knowledge acquisition and, consequently, the academic performance of the students.

[1]Step-pool systems have been widely studied during the past few years, resulting in enhanced knowledge of mechanisms for sediment transport, energy dissipation and patterns of self-organization. We use rhodamine tracer data collected in nine step-pool reaches during high, intermediate and low flows to explore scaling of solute transport processes. Using the scaling patterns found, we propose an extension of the Aggregated Dead Zone (ADZ) approach for solute transport modeling based on the morphological features of steppool units and their corresponding inherent variability within a stream reach. In addition to discharge, the reach-average bankfull width, mean step height, and the ratio of pool length to step-to-step length can be used as explanatory variables for the dispersion process within the studied reaches. These variables appeared to be sufficient for estimating ADZ model parameters and simulating solute transport in predictive mode for applications in reaches lacking tracer data.Citation: Jim enez, M. A., and E. Wohl (2013), Solute transport modeling using morphological parameters of step-pool reaches, Water Resour.