Respiratory diseases are among the most important diseases in sheep flocks. Herein was studied the bacterial etiology of respiratory disease and the clinical signs of 99 female and male sheep breed in the states of São Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. After physical examination of animals, tracheobronchial flushing samples were obtained. The usual bacteria and Mycoplasma spp. were searched, as well as their association with the clinical status and clinical signs of sheep with respiratory disease. The main observed signs were: tachypnea (75%), increase of rectal temperature (09.4%), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge (21.9%), cough (25%), dyspnea (31.2%), changes of lung sounds at auscultation (87.5%) and chest percussion (28.1%) in pneumonic sheep. Non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. were the most isolated bacteria. Microorganisms of the Mollicutes class were molecularly (PCR) detected in 33.3% of the animals. In addition, the specific detection of M. mycoides subsp. capri was described for the first time in sheep from the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Indirect detection of respiratory viruses responsible for respiratory disease in sheep[Detecção indireta de vírus respiratórios responsáveis pela doença respiratória ovina]

animais doentes. A broncopneumonia envolve vários fatores, incluindo o manejo, agente infeccioso e a imunidade do animal. Por isso, é necessário conhecer todos esses aspectos e associá-los para uma melhor prevenção e tratamento. Palavras-chave: Broncopneumonia. Lavado traqueobrônquico. Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes. PI-3. Micoplasma. 11 ABSTRACT FRANCO, M. F. Occurrence of respiratory diseases caused by bacteria and viruses in sheep. [Ocorrência de doenças respiratórias causadas por bactérias e vírus em ovinos.]. 2018. 141 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência) -Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018.Brazil is the 18th largest producer of sheep meat and, despite being largely informal, is a growing crop in the country. Among the infectious diseases that affect sheep production, bronchopneumonia is one of the most recurrent, however, there are not many studies on this disease in small ruminants in Brazil. Therefore, this research aimed to verify the occurrence of respiratory diseases in the state of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro caused by bacteria and viruses. For the accomplishment of this project was used tracheobronchial lavage technique transtracheal and collection of whole blood to obtain serum in 99 sheep. These samples were submitted to virus neutralization test to identify antibodies against Parainfluenza Type 3 (PI-3), Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). Use of the Eradikit ® and agarose gel immunodiffusion test to detect the presence of antibodies against Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (LVPR). Isolation and biochemical identification for M. haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. Cultivation and isolation, biochemical identification and PCR were used to identify mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma bovis, M. agalactiae, M. mycoides subsp. Capri). Of the 99 samples collected, 33 were from diseased sheep and 66 from healthy sheep. There was no identification of M. haemolytica and P. multocida, nor presence of antibodies against BoHV-1 and BVDV. However, the prevalence of 52.52%, 48.48% and 21.87% of PI-3, BRSV and LVPR, respectively, was observed. In relation to aerobic bacteria, there was a higher frequency of isolation of Bacillus sp. and Gram-negative nonfermenters. Despite identifying Mollicute class bacteria in isolated colonies in 23.28% of the samples, there was only one identification with the oligonucleotides used, M. mycoides subsp. capri, first isolation in sheep in the state of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. There was a significant statistical difference (p <0.05) between animals with bronchopneumonia and clinical manifestations such as tachypnea, hyperthermia, nasal secretion, cough, dyspnea, fine crackling and snoring, and between animals with bronchopneumonia and quarantine and separation of diseased animals. Bronchopneumonia involves several factors, including management, infectious agent

Dehydrated citrus pulp (PC) has been used in animal feed in pellet form, as an energetic and highly digestible ingredient of the fibrous classification for growing and lactating animals. The purpose of this experiment is data on the introduction of citrus products in replacement, in diets with the possibility of a greater variety of products between concentrates and forages. To evaluate the research, rumen fluid was used to determine pH and ammonia dosage and a blood sample to determine blood glucose and urea. With this work, the change from corn ration to citrus pulp, in any of them, did not interfere in any parameter evaluated.

Photographs provide momentary visual data that facilitate consumer understanding, thus visual research methods have been used to obtain their perceptions and experiences. We aimed to conduct a literature review using studies related to the theme of this paper, to obtain an overview of sustainability, animal welfare, consumer behaviour, and the use of photographs in animal science research. The analysis method considered was qualitative and the information was obtained from scientific articles from Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Elsevier research platform databases, published in the last seven years, as well as from classical bibliographies to carry out a bibliographic survey related to the theme of the study. It was concluded that during the meat buying process, consumers' choices are determined mainly by the lowest price, origin, brand, product information, color, marbling, amount of fat, texture, freshness, type of cut and product conservation. The consumption of products from sustainable production and with animal welfare is still very low, mainly due to socioeconomic issues and lack of knowledge about the production process of animal products. The adoption of photographs in consumer research is capable of increasing the information load with reduced cognitive effort, reducing uncertainties during decision making. There is still a scarcity of works with photographs related to animal science and the increase would be opportune to avoid possible misinterpretations by consumers during the survey questionnaires.